The general discussion focused on the difficulty of measuring non-tariff measures (NTMs) and determining which NTMs may be non-tariff barriers (i.e., measures that reduce trade intentionally). As an example, Jayant Menon suggested anti-dumping actions, which are NTMs that have been used as non-tariff barriers. Dumping is a situation of international price discrimination, where the price of a product when sold in an importing country is lower than the price of that product in the market of the exporting country. An import-competing firm that is losing market share may claim that dumping is hurting the country's industry to have countervailing measures imposed. Such measures typically remain in place until a dispute has been settled, which in some cases can take years. Moreover, Menon noted that monitoring the incidence of non-tariff measures can be difficult as many non-tariff measures are easily implemented. He gave the example of two countries, where a comprehensive...

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