Origins of Rituals and Customs in the Trinidad Carnival: African or European?

Hollis Urban Liverpool is the Director of Culture for the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Since receiving his PhD from the University of Michigan, he has published four books and monographs on Carnival. As the calypsonian Chalkdust, he has been crowned Calypso Monarch of Trinidad and Tobago five times, the St. Thomas Calypso King of the World eight times, and World Calypso Monarch twice. He was nominated for the Calypso Hall of Fame in 1995