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Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2012) 36 (4): 189–203.
Published: 01 April 2012
...Kyle Haynes; William R. Thompson; Paul K. MacDonald; Joseph M. Parent © 2012 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2012 To the Editors (Kyle Haynes writes): Paul MacDonald and Joseph Parent s article Graceful Decline? offers a clear...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2011) 35 (4): 7–44.
Published: 01 April 2011
...Paul K. MacDonald; Joseph M. Parent There is broad scholarly consensus that the relative power of the United States is declining and that this decline will have negative consequences for international politics. This pessimism is justified by the belief that great powers have few options to deal...
Abstract
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There is broad scholarly consensus that the relative power of the United States is declining and that this decline will have negative consequences for international politics. This pessimism is justified by the belief that great powers have few options to deal with acute relative decline. Retrenchment is seen as a hazardous policy that demoralizes allies and encourages external predation. Faced with shrinking means, great powers are thought to have few options to stave off decline short of preventive war. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, however, retrenchment is not a relatively rare and ineffective policy instrument. A comparison of eighteen cases of acute relative decline since 1870 demonstrates that great powers frequently engage in retrenchment and that retrenchment is often effective. In addition, we find that prevailing explanations overstate the importance of democracies, bureaucracies, and interest groups in inhibiting retrenchment. In fact, the rate of decline can account for both the extent and form of retrenchment, even over short periods. These arguments have important implications for power transition theories and the rise of China.
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2008) 32 (4): 171–180.
Published: 01 April 2008
...Paul K. MacDonald; David A. Lake © 2008 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 2008 To the Editors: In Escape from the State of Nature: Authority and Hierarchy in World Politics, David Lake makes a strong case that hierarchy matters.1...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2001) 26 (1): 187–198.
Published: 01 July 2001
...Duncan S.A. Bell; Paul K. MacDonald; Bradley A. Thayer © 2001 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2001 Correspondence To the Editors: In his provocative article Bringing in Darwin: Evolutionary Theory, Realism, and In- ternational Politics...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (1996) 20 (3): 152–188.
Published: 01 January 1996
...Douglas J. Macdonald © 1995 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995 Communist Bloc Expansion in the Early Cold W i Challenpng Realism, Refuting Revisionism Douglas J . Macdonald I w a s there ever a unified communist threat facing...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2012) 36 (4): 204–206.
Published: 01 April 2012
..., Correspondence: Decline and Retrenchment: Peril or Promise? [re. MacDonald and Parent 35.4], 36.4 (Spring 2012), pp. 189 193. Hymans, Jacques E.C., Veto Players, Nuclear Energy, and Nonproliferation: Domestic and Institutional Barriers to a Japanese Bomb, 36.2 (Fall 2011), pp. 154 189. Itzkowitz Shifrinson...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2018) 43 (1): 191–193.
Published: 01 August 2018
... Keir Lieber Adam Liff Herbert Lin Jon Lindsay* Matthew Linley Barry Little Jerry Mark Long Michael Lostumbo Douglas Macdonald Julia Macdonald Paul MacDonald Raphael Marcus Aila Matanock Tim Maurer Emily Meierding Hugo Meijer Ariel Merari...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2002) 26 (4): 202–204.
Published: 01 April 2002
... of Asymmetric Conºict, 26:1 (Summer 2001), pp. 93 128. Bell, Duncan S.A., and Paul K. MacDonald, Correspondence: Start the Evolution with- out Us [re. Thayer 25:2], 26:1 (Summer 2001), pp. 187 198. Brooks, Stephen G., and William C. Wohlforth, From Old Thinking to New Thinking in Qualitative Research, 26:4...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (1996) 20 (3): 3–4.
Published: 01 January 1996
... Institute of Technology. 3 International Security 20:3 I 4 deeply confining structure from which states could not escape; in fact, breaches of the Westphalian model are common in history, beginning with the Peace of Westphalia itself. Douglas 1. Macdonald of Colgate University examines the changing...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2013) 38 (1): 193–195.
Published: 01 July 2013
... Lockyer Yonatan Lupu Damien Ma Douglas Macdonald Paul MacDonald Andrew Mack Solomon Major Martin Malin Kimberly Marten* Lisa Martin Jack Matlock Susan Mattern Michael May David McCourt Michael McKoy John Mearsheimer Ken Menkhaus Laura Miller Carlotta Minnella Nuno Monteiro Jonathan Monten John Mueller...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2015) 40 (1): 196–198.
Published: 01 July 2015
... Liberman Roy Licklider Keir Lieber Adam Liff Dan Lindley Carrie Lee Lindsay Jon Lindsay Charles Lipson Jeremy Littlewood Austin Long Jerry Mark Long Jason Lyall Douglas Macdonald Paul MacDonald Neil MacFarlane Megan MacKenzie Martin Malin...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2011) 36 (1): 211–213.
Published: 01 July 2011
... Lindsay Jason Lyall Terrence Lyons Douglas Macdonald Paul MacDonald Megan Mackenzie Thomas Mahnken Yvonne Malan Martin Malin Lenore Martin David Maxwell Michael May John McCauley Gordon McCormick Patrick McDonald Omar McDoom John Mearsheimer Emily Meierding Ariel Merari Steven Metz Helen Milner Carlotta...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2011) 35 (4): 190–191.
Published: 01 April 2011
..., Jennifer, see Byman, Daniel, and Jennifer Lind. MacDonald, Paul K., and Joseph M. Parent, Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment, 35:4 (Spring 2011), pp. 7 44. McAllister, James, Who Lost Vietnam? Soldiers, Civilians, and U.S. Military Strategy, 35:3 (Winter 2010/11), pp...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2008) 32 (4): 181–182.
Published: 01 April 2008
...:3 (Winter 2007/08), pp. 158 190. Lake David A., Correspondence: The Role of Hierarchy in International Politics [re- ply to MacDonald], 32:4 (Spring 2008), pp. 177 180. Lake, David A., Escape from the State of Nature: Authority and Hierarchy in World Politics, 32:1 (Summer 2007), pp. 47 79...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2009) 33 (3): 143–179.
Published: 01 January 2009
Abstract
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How do states use economic-security linkages in international bargaining? Governments can provide economic benefits as a side payment to reinforce security cooperation and use close security ties as a source of bargaining leverage in economic negotiations. Domestic political pressures, however, may constrain the form of linkage. First, economic side payments are more likely to be chosen in areas that will not harm the key interests of the ruling party. Second, involvement by the legislature pushes governments toward using security ties as bargaining leverage for economic gains. Evidence from negotiations between Britain and Japan during the Anglo-Japanese alliance of 1902 to 1923 supports the constraining role of domestic politics. Economic-security linkages occurred as Britain gave favorable economic treatment to Japan in order to strengthen the alliance. Economic competition between the allies, however, made it difficult for Britain to grant asymmetrical economic benefits. In tariff negotiations where business interests had more influence in the domestic policy process, the alliance was used as leverage to force reciprocity.
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2023) 47 (3): 136–173.
Published: 01 January 2023
..., and Paul Huth, “Reputation and Status as Motives for War,” Annual Review of Political Science 17 (2014): 371–393, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-071112-213421 . For a useful critique, see Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent, “The Status of Status in World Politics,” World Politics 73...
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Why do great powers engage in territorial expansion? Much of the existing literature views expansion as a largely intentional activity directed by the leaders of powerful states. Yet nearly 25 percent of important historical instances of great power expansion are initiated by actors on the periphery of the state or empire without authorization from their superiors at the center. Periphery-driven “inadvertent expansion” is most likely to occur when leaders in the capital have limited control over their agents on the periphery. Through their actions, peripheral agents effectively constrain leaders from withdrawing from these newly captured territories because of sunk costs, domestic political pressure, and national honor. When leaders in the capital expect geopolitical consequences from regional or other great powers, such as economic sanctions, militarized crises, or war, they are far less likely to authorize the territorial claims. A mixed-methods research strategy combines new quantitative data on great power territorial expansion with three qualitative case studies of successful (and failed) inadvertent expansion by Russia, Japan, and France. Inadvertent expansion has not completely gone away, particularly among smaller states, where government authority can be weak, control over states’ apparatuses can be loose, and civil-military relations can be challenging.
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2023) 47 (3): 95–135.
Published: 01 January 2023
FIGURES
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Security assistance is a pillar of U.S. foreign policy and a ubiquitous feature of international relations. The record, however, is mixed at best. Security assistance is hard because recipient leaders are often motivated to implement policies that keep their militaries weak. The central challenge of security assistance, then, is influence. How does the United States aim to influence recipient leaders to improve their militaries, and what drives its approach? Influence in security assistance can be understood as an escalation ladder with four rungs: teaching, persuasion, conditionality, and direct command. Washington increasingly delegates security assistance to the Department of Defense, and the latter to the U.S. Army. U.S. Army advisers tend to rely exclusively on teaching and persuasion, even when recipient leaders routinely ignore their advice. The U.S. Army's preference for persuasion and aversion to conditionality in security assistance can be traced to its bureaucratic interests and to the ideology that it has developed—the cult of the persuasive—to advance those interests. A case study examines the bureaucratic drivers of the U.S. Army's persistent reliance on persuasion to influence Iraqi leaders to reform and strengthen the Iraqi Army. Qualitative analysis leverages over one hundred original interviews, as well as oral histories and recently declassified U.S. Central Command documents. The findings illustrate how the interests and ideologies of the military services tasked with implementing U.S. foreign policy can instead undermine it.
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (1993) 17 (4): 183–188.
Published: 01 April 1993
... for International Peace and Security, 1992. CIIPS Working Paper Number 44. 77 pp./ no price given, paper. MacDonald, Douglas J. Adventures in Chaos: American Intervention for Reform in the Third World. MacDonald, Scott B., and Bruce Zagaris, eds. International Handbook on Drug Control. Westport, Mak, Dayton...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (1989) 13 (3): 92–112.
Published: 01 January 1989
..., 1983); and Callum A. MacDonald, Korea: The War Before Vietnam (London: Macmillan, 1986), esp. ch. 8. 16. Foot, Wrong War, p. 205. Ending the Korean Conpict I 97 coincide with this message, the UN air force in Korea dropped one hundred tons of high explosives on communist front-line positions...
Journal Articles
Publisher: Journals Gateway
International Security (2001) 26 (1): 199.
Published: 01 July 2001
... Karsh Samuel Kim Jonathan Kirshner Gregory Koblentz Christopher Kukk Alan Kuperman Christopher Layne Henry Lee George Lewis Robert Lieber Daniel Lindley James Lindsay Douglas Macdonald Donald MacKenzie Ernest May Michael Mazarr Michael McFaul Rajan Menon Ronald Montaperto Chung-in Moon John Mueller Karl...