Indonesia was one of the first developing countries to receive Soviet aid on a large scale. Declassified Soviet and East German archival sources, which illuminate the discussions and other interactions of government leaders and Communist party officials, diplomats, and experts from the two sides, greatly enrich our understanding of this important case of Nikita Khrushchev's ambitious policy in the Third World. This article presents for the first time detailed, reliable information about the amount, composition, and goals of Soviet aid to Indonesia during the Khrushchev era. A close analysis of this case contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms of the global Cold War, which deeply affected center and periphery alike.