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# Submission Guidelines

Click this link to go directly to the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience online submissions portal: JOCN online manuscript submission tool.

JoCN Mission & Editorial policies

1. Mission
2. Methodological rigor and transparency
3. Preregistration and preprints
4. Diversity of citation practices
5. Peer-Review Taxonomy
6. Reviewer recognition
7. Nonhuman primate (NHP)
8. Submission fee and publishing Open Access

JoCN Article types and author guidelines

1. Summary table
2. Empirical and Methodological papers
3. Preregistered Research Reports
4. Reviews
5.Perspectives

JoCN Checklist for submission

### Mission and Editorial policies

#### 1. Mission

The purpose of the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (JoCN) is to provide a single forum for research in the biological bases of mental events and behavior. The Journal publishes papers that bridge the gap between descriptions of information processing and specifications of brain activity. As such, much of the work will be interdisciplinary in nature, drawing on developments in fields including neuroscience, neuropsychology, experimental psychology, neurology, computational modeling, engineering, statistics, and physics. The Journal will not publish research reports that bear solely on descriptions of function without addressing the underlying brain events, or that deal solely with descriptions of neurophysiology or neuroanatomy without regard to function. The Journal also will not publish papers where the emphasis is on defining the cognitive deficits associated with a particular clinical condition, nor on the assessment of treatments, if the findings do not inform an understanding of the neural bases of cognition and behavior. All papers should be written to be accessible to an interdisciplinary readership.

#### 2. Methodological rigor and transparency

Studies should include adequate control conditions/groups, have adequate statistical power, and avoid other common statistical mistakes (Makin & Orban de Xivry, 2019).

Authors must explicitly justify their sample size(s) in the Methods section, e.g., based on an a priori power analysis or previous work.

JoCN encourages researchers to report effect sizes to avoid problems associated with null-hypothesis significance testing (e.g., Szucs & Ioannidis, 2017), and/or to include Bayesian statistics that can assess evidence for the null hypothesis (e.g., Harms & Lakens, 2018).

Test statistics should be reported with two decimal points (e.g., t(49) = 4.28). In addition, exact p values should be reported for all results greater than .001 (with three decimal points for p values between .001 and .100; and with two decimal points for p values greater than .10); p values below .001 should be described as “p < .001”. Exact Bayes Factors should also be reported (between two to four decimal points depending on the precise BF; e.g., BF01 = .0067; BF01 = .67; BF10 = 11.58).

Gilmore, R. O., Diaz, M. T., Wyble, B. A., & Yarkoni, T. (2017). Progress toward openness, transparency, and reproducibility in cognitive neuroscience. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1396(1), 5-18.

### 3. Preregistration and preprints

JoCN encourages, but does not require, preregistration of studies and their analysis plans. Preregistration shifts the evaluation of research from its outcomes (which should not be under the control of the experimenter) to the quality of the question addressed and the methods used in the research (Nosek, Ebersole, DeHaven, & Mellor, 2018). The journal offers the option to preregister a study and its data analysis plan for peer review before the study is conducted via the Preregistered Research Reports mechanism. In principle, acceptance of a "Stage 1" Preregistered Research Report ensures that the results will be published regardless of its outcomes. (Specific procedures and policies and instructions for Preregistered Research Reports are detailed below.) Studies can also be preregistered in an independent registry (i.e., non-peer reviewed preregistration; e.g., at https://osf.io/prereg/ or http://aspredicted.org/).

JoCN supports posting article preprints (e.g., on https://www.biorxiv.org/) to enable more rapid dissemination of results.

#### References

Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018). The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 115, 2600-2606. doi:doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114

Nosek, B. A., & Lakens, D. (2014). Registered reports: A method to increase the credibility of published results. Social Psychology, 45, 137-141. doi:dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000192

### 4. Diversity of citation practices

Longstanding inequities in our field unfairly hinder career advancement for nonmale-identifying individuals and for individuals from underrepresented racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. They also hinder the development and advancement of our science. For JoCN, it has been determined that, from 2009 through 2020, papers by nonmale-identifying research groups have been systematically undercited relative to proportions of authorship in the journal (Fulvio et al., 2020). In an effort to call attention to this problem, and to make a modest effort toward remedying it, JoCN encourages authors to estimate the gender citation balance indices (GCBIs) of their Reference section. Reviewers will be instructed to not consider the GCBIs in their assessment of the suitability of the manuscript for publication, but to take them into account when recommending to the authors papers from undercited groups that the authors may consider including in subsequent revisions. Beginning with vol. 33, all papers published in JoCN include a Diversity in Citation Practices statement, and authors are invited (but not obligated) to report their paper’s gender citation balance in this statement. The journal keeps a record of GCBIs, labelled by iteration of submission, and will periodically report the aggregate data, as a way of assessing the influence of this initiative.

#### References

Fulvio, J.M., Akinnola, I., and Postle, B.R. (2021). Gender (im)balance in citation practices in cognitive neuroscience. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 33, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01643.

### 5. Peer-Review Taxonomy

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and the MIT Press are participating in a pilot of STM's Working Group on Peer Review Taxonomy.

Background statement: "STM, the International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers, has recognised a need to identify and standardise definitions and terminology in peer review practices in order to help align nomenclature as more publishers use open peer review models. A peer review taxonomy that is used across publishers will help make the peer review process for articles and journals more transparent, and will enable the community to better assess and compare peer review practices between different journals."

##### Taxonomy:

Identity transparency: Double Anonymized
Reviewer interacts with: Editor
Review information published: None

### 6. Reviewer recognition

JoCN collaborates with the reviewer-recognition service Publons, through which one can maintain a profile documenting their verified peer review activity. This may be of particular interest for trainees, as a way a “getting credit” for assisting their mentor with a review.

### 7. Nonhuman primate (NHP)

Many nonhuman primate (NHP) neurophysiology studies entail recording from hundreds or even thousands of neurons and/or electrode penetrations, across multiple experimental sessions (each replicating the same experimental conditions), all within the same animal. For the typical experiment that also entails the performance of a behavioral task (i.e., during chronic recording from an awake, behaving animal), the neurophysiological recording sessions are preceded by months of training the animal to perform the task to a predefined criterion level of performance. For studies like these, the operative statistical tests are whether an experimental manipulation produces a systematic effect in the signals recorded from this experimental animal over these multiple sessions (e.g., the degrees of freedom for an analysis might be the number of neurons that was recorded from within a particular region). The results from such an experiment can be construed as a case study – a detailed analysis of the behavior and neurophysiology of a single organism.

For decades, the convention for NHP neurophysiology studies has been that results obtained in one animal should be replicated in a second animal before they are written up for publication. Although this practice may boost subjective assessment of the robustness of a set of results, it does not support stronger inference in any formal way. The generation of a second case study does not, for example, support inference to the population from which the two sample cases were drawn (c.f., Fries & Maris, preprint). (Indeed, in practice one often reads that, upon observation that the results obtained from a second animal did not differ appreciably from those obtained in a first animal, data from the two animals are pooled before the final statistical analyses are carried out.) Additionally, although it has been suggested that the “two-animal rule” acts as a deterrent to engaging in “questionable research practices” (c.f., Martinson, Anderson, & de Vries, 2005), this is a supposition for which we know of no definitive evidence. JOCN’s policy is that the factor of number of animals included in the experiment does not carry special status relative to other aspects of the experimental procedure that are also evaluated when a manuscript is being considered for publication. Thus, for example, an n of 1 in an NHP neurophysiology study is not, by itself, a valid a priori reason for rejecting a manuscript. Rather, just as is the case with experiments carried out in other species (including humans), the n selected for an NHP neurophysiological study needs to be explicitly justified. Factors such as ethical considerations, effort, and/or expense can, in principle, be satisfactory justification for an n of 1, so long as the authors can successfully argue that the results from the experiment are scientifically valuable. (We note that the merits of peer-reviewed preregistration are the same for NHP neurophysiology research as for other types of cognitive neuroscience research.)

#### References

Fries, P., & Maris, E. (preprint). What to do if N is two? https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14562.

Martinson, B. C., Anderson, M. S., & de Vries, R. (2005). Scientists behaving badly. Nature, 435, 737–738. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/435737a

### 8. Submission fee and publishing Open Access

The Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience only accepts online submissions. To submit a manuscript for review visit the JOCN online manuscript submission tool. There is a flat fee of $1500 charged for publishing a manuscript; this fee offsets some of the expenses of the journal's editorial operations. The Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience no longer charges authors to publish color images. The Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience offers authors the opportunity to publish their articles in Open Access. Please see MIT Press's Open Access information page Publishing Open Access. ## Article types and author guidelines #### 1. Summary table Article Types Description Word Limit & Structure Requirements Pricing Empirical and Methodological Empirical articles include reports of new research findings or methods that make a significant contribution to the field of cognitive neuroscience. Quantitative meta-analyses fall into this article type. (peer reviewed) Abstract: ~250 words Introduction Materials & Methods Results Discussion References Results and Discussion can be combined. No word, figure or reference limit. No Supplemental Materials Ethical statement if the study involves animal or human experiments. Justification of the sample size Effect sizes$1500

Preregistered Research Reports (PRR)

An empirical paper for which the theoretical rationale and methods have been peer reviewed prior to data collection.

(peer reviewed)

As for Empirical and Methodological papers

$1500 Reviews Authoritative synthesis of major themes in a particular research area. (peer reviewed) No imposed structure but Reviews are typically between 5,000 and 12,000 words No figure limit No Supplemental Materials Motivate the selection of papers being reviewed$1500

Perspectives

Introduce new ideas, reflect, or challenge current dogmas.

(peer reviewed)

No imposed structure  but Perspectives are typically
Less than 5,000 words
Less than 60 refs
No more than 3 figures
No Supplemental Materials

Anchor arguments

\$1500

### 2. General guidelines

Manuscripts should be submitted in either of two formats: .doc (Word); or .tex (LaTeX). For initial submissions, it is permissible to paste figures into the manuscript file.

#### Figures

For all revisions, figures must be uploaded as separate files, and image resolution for figures should be 300 dpi for color images (in RGB format), and 600 dpi for grayscale art and line art. Acceptable image formats are: jpeg, jpg, tif or tiff.

#### References

The format for references is as specified in the American Psychological Association Publications Manual and must include a Crossref DOI in the format https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.98). JoCN encourages, but does not require, authors to estimate the gender citation balance indices (GCBIs) of the Reference section of their manuscript—using the tool at https://postlab.psych.wisc.edu/gcbialyzer/)—and to include these metadata along with their submission.

#### No Supplemental Material

The Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience does not accept supplemental material for manuscripts, except in rare cases and only with the explicit approval of an editor. To be clear, this policy does not relate to the depositing of materials, data, and analysis scripts into an open access repository for publication, which is strongly encouraged. Rather, it means that manuscripts must be fully self-contained, and cannot refer the reader to supplementary methods, figures, or analyses that are needed to fully evaluate the results and/or interpretations presented in the manuscript. The rationale is twofold: first, such supplementary material puts undue burdens on reviewers, and subsequently on readers; second, such supplementary material can compromise the archival integrity of a paper published in JoCN, because the journal can control neither the content nor the accessibility of this material once the paper is published.

### 2. Empirical and Methodological papers

All empirical and methodological papers must present results from rigorously and transparently conducted studies that are adequately powered and statistically sound. The theoretical contribution to the field of cognitive neuroscience must be stated in a clear manner. The theoretical significance does not imply that results must be positive and novel: null findings from well conducted research can be equally meaningful when supported statistically (e.g., by Bayesian statistics).

JoCN supports posting article preprints (e.g., on https://www.biorxiv.org/) to enable more rapid dissemination of results.

#### Organization of Research Manuscripts

Title: The title should provide a concise message reflecting the outcomes of the empirical research.

Authors: should be listed as a function of their contributions: see CRediT Taxonomy.

Affiliations list the institutions and universities of each author.

Abstract: A major objective of the Journal is to promote interdisciplinary understanding and communication in the mind sciences. Accordingly, the abstract should clearly state the relevance of the article to fields outside of the subdiscipline being reported. It should be written in complete sentences, without subheadings.

Introduction: The background, objectives and hypothesis of the study should be presented in the introduction. For purely empirical papers, a theoretical justification of the experiment(s) must be described clearly. For purely methodological papers, the importance and novelty of the technique for the cognitive neuroscience community must be explained clearly.

Materials & Methods: The experimental methods will be the next section. Authors should provide all details of the research design, study materials and data analysis in their Methods sections, permitting replication by any researcher. They should also disclose any data exclusions, all the conditions/groups tested, and all the dependent measures collected, even if not included in the analyses presented in their submission. Studies should include adequate control conditions/groups, have adequate statistical power, and avoid other common statistical mistakes (Makin & Orban de Xivry, 2019). Authors must explicitly justify their sample size(s) in the Methods section, e.g., based on an a priori power analysis or previous work. For purely methodological papers, benchmarking and comparisons with existing methods should follow the same statistical rigor.

The Results and the Discussion sections should follow and, in some instances, may be combined. JoCN encourages researchers to also report effect sizes to avoid problems associated with null-hypothesis significance testing (e.g., Szucs & Ioannidis, 2017) and/or include Bayesian statistics that can assess evidence for the null hypothesis (e.g.,Harms & Lakens, 2018). Guidelines for reporting fMRI and M/EEG studies that can be followed are described in Poldrack et al. (2008) and Keil et al. (2013), respectively. Test statistics should be reported with two decimal points (e.g., t(49) = 4.28). In addition, exact p values should be reported for all results greater than .001 (with three decimal points for p values between .001 and .10; and with two decimal points for p values greater than .10); p values below .001 should be described as “p < .001”. Exact Bayes Factors should also be reported (between two to four decimal points depending on the precise BF; e.g., BF01 = .0067; BF01 = .67; BF10 = 11.58).

A Data availability statement should be included at the end of the Discussion. JoCN endorses, but does not require, the depositing of materials, data, and analysis scripts into an open access repository for publication. In manuscripts accepted by the Journal, authors will be asked to state how researchers may access the study data and materials (e.g., via a link to an open access repository, or by email to the lead author), or describe why the data cannot be shared (e.g., no IRB approval for data posting/sharing).

The Author contribution section should be placed after the data availability statement followed by the Acknowledgments and the Funding Information sections.

Beginning with vol. 33, all papers published in JoCN will include a Citation Diversity Statement, and authors will be invited (but not obligated) to report their paper’s gender citation balance in this statement.

The References should be placed last. The format for references is as specified in the American Psychological Association Publications Manual and must include a Crossref DOI in the format https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.98).

Sections and subheadings should not be numbered. There is no page limit for submitted manuscripts. Manuscripts should be submitted in the .doc format (Word). For initial submissions, it is permissible to paste figures into the manuscript file.

### 2. Preregistered Research Reports

JoCN welcomes preregistered research reports. Preregistration shifts the evaluation of research from its outcomes (which should not be under the control of the experimenter) to the quality of the question addressed and the methods used in the research (Nosek, Ebersole, DeHaven, & Mellor, 2018). Studies can be preregistered in an independent registry (i.e., non-peer reviewed preregistration; e.g., https://osf.io/prereg/ or http://aspredicted.org/).

The journal offers the option to preregister a study and its data analysis plan for peer review before the study is conducted via the Preregistered Research Reports mechanism. In principle, acceptance of a "Stage 1" Preregistered Research Report ensures that the results will be published regardless of its outcomes. Preregistered Research Reports (also known as "Registered Reports") are a type of empirical article in which the theoretical motivation, the hypotheses, and the proposed methods have been peer reviewed and approved by the journal prior to the research being carried out. If the “Stage 1” submission receives in-principle acceptance, the journal guarantees publication of a “Stage 2” manuscript that presents the results and their interpretation, on the condition that the methods used to collect and analyze the data did not deviate from what was approved at Stage 1. There are several ways in which Preregistered Research Reports encourage best practices. At Stage 1, peer review will necessarily focus on the importance of the question being addressed, and the rigor of the methods proposed to address this question. Therefore, reviews of a Stage 1 manuscript cannot be biased by whether or not a reviewer “likes” the conclusions drawn from the results. This prereview of the methods also decreases the likelihood that time and money will be wasted by carrying out an experiment that, in retrospect, is found to contain an experimental confound that renders its results uninterpretable. At Stage 2, publication bias is reduced because researchers cannot carry out multiple post hoc analyses in quest of a statistically significant result. Indeed, the guaranteed publication of null results will contribute to the robustness of our science, because the review of the Stage 1 proposal increases the likelihood that these null results will be interpretable and potentially important. The format also allows for the reporting of results from analyses conceived after in-principle acceptance, providing these separated from the results from the preregistered analyses and explicitly labeled as exploratory. (For more on registered reports, see Nosek & Lakens, 2014.)

#### Stage 1

From initial submission through to publication, Preregistered Research Reports go through two editorial stages. The initial submission to the journal is the Stage 1 Preregistered Research Report, which comprises the Abstract, Introduction and Methods. The Abstract is similar to conventional manuscripts, with the exception that it will describe the predicted pattern of results, and what would be the theoretical implications. The Introduction is similar to conventional manuscripts, with the primary exception being that it concludes with an explicit enumerated list of hypotheses. The hypotheses should be stated in terms of the concrete independent and dependent variables that make up the experimental design, not in terms of the rationale underlying them, nor in terms of the theoretical constructs operationalized by the experimental variables. The statement of these hypotheses should be concise, with no more than two or three sentences for each. It is understood that the statement of a hypothesis may need to refer to methods and/or measures that won’t be fully explicated until the Methods section. Sections of the Introduction referring to the planned experiments and possible outcomes should be written in the future tense. The Methods section must include an explicit a priori justification of statistical power (to increase the likelihood that possible null results will be interpretable and potentially important).

It can also happen that authors want to include pilot data in a Stage 1 manuscript. In some cases, such data help illustrate a novel method or demonstrate the plausibility of some aspect of the proposed experiment. Another scenario is when the authors have discovered an unexpected result in a completed experiment, and are using the Preregistered Research Report mechanism to carry out a peer reviewed, a priori replication of this result. If it is decided that the inclusion of pilot data would be an important element of an eventual published Preregistered Research Report, the description of these data should be included in the Introduction. Figures illustrating pilot data should be kept to the minimum of what is deemed necessary for the thorough evaluation of the Stage 1 manuscript.

An important element of the Stage 1 submission is the cover letter that accompanies the manuscript. This cover letter must include the following elements:

• A statement confirming that all necessary support (e.g., research funding), approvals (e.g., for human subjects or nonhuman animal research), and resources (e.g., equipment, research personnel) are in place, and that the experiment will be started as soon as the proposal receives in-principle approval (or as soon as is practicable).
• A pledge that, upon in-principle acceptance, the Stage 1 manuscript will be placed in a recognized repository (either immediately accessible or under embargo until acceptance of the Stage 2 manuscript). This archived document must be unchanged from the manuscript that received in-principle acceptance. The intended repository should be named and a URL supplied, and part of the peer-review process may involve verification of the suitability of the proposed repository.
• An anticipated timeline for carrying out the proposed research.
• A statement confirming that, upon acceptance of the Stage 2 manuscript, the authors will make their data freely accessible, with details about how this will be accomplished (e.g., naming the repository where the data will be hosted).
• A statement confirming that, if the authors withdraw their submission at any time after in-principle acceptance of the Stage 1 manuscript, the journal can publish the abstract from that manuscript in a section for Withdrawn Preregistrations.

Peer review of Stage 1 submissions will proceed in the same manner as for conventional submissions, with “Reject” or “Revise and Resubmit” the two most likely outcomes, and the latter requiring that a point-by-point response accompany the revised Stage 1 manuscript.

#### Stage 2

The Abstract, Introduction, and Methods can only change from the accepted Stage 1 document in the following ways. The Abstract can replace mention of anticipated results with a sentence or two summarizing the actual results and a sentence summarizing their interpretation. On rare occasions, it might be acceptable to summarize the results from exploratory analyses. Where appropriate, verb tense in the Introduction can be changed from future to present or past tense. Importantly, no mention of exploratory results is permitted in the Introduction. Changes to the Methods section might come about due to minor and/or unavoidable deviations from the procedures as described in the Stage 1 manuscript, or due to the performance of additional exploratory analyses. For deviations from approved procedures for the planned experiment, the original verbiage should be kept as-is, followed by one or more sentences stating how the procedure for the actual experiment was changed, and explaining the reason. Additional exploratory analyses should be described in a newly added final subsection of the Methods section. The Results should, to the extent possible, be organized in terms of their associated hypotheses. The Discussion should first summarize the results from the proposed analyses, including specific statements about the outcome of each hypothesis test, and summarize the implications of these results for the theoretical questions raised in the Introduction. If additional exploratory analyses were carried out, their summary and possible integration with the planned analyses should only appear after the conclusions based on the planned analyses.

The cover letter needs to include the following:

• A statement confirming that none of the data presented in the Results section were collected prior to the date of in-principle acceptance of the Stage 1 submission.
• Specification of every change made to the Abstract, Introduction, and Methods relative to the accepted Stage 1 manuscript.
• The page number in the Stage 2 manuscript containing the URL for the archived Stage 1 proposal.
• The page number in the Stage 2 manuscript containing the URL for the archived study data and accompanying materials.
• The page number in the Stage 2 manuscript containing the URL for the archived processing and analysis code, if archived separately from the data.

#### Rejection of a Stage 2 Manuscript

Eventual publication of the proposed research is assumed, regardless of the pattern of the results, upon in-principle acceptance of a Stage 1 manuscript. Reasons for rejection of a Stage 2 manuscript are limited to circumstances that violate the spirit of the Preregistered Research Reports mechanism. These include deviation from the Stage 1 experimental procedure that is deemed nontrivial by reviewers and/or the editor, and evidence that a condition for publication was not met (for example, archived Stage 1 manuscript differs from the accepted version; data collection was started prior to date of in-principle acceptance; research ethics approvals are found to have not been obtained prior to submission).

### 3. Reviews

Reviews will typically be one of two types. Systematic reviews provide an exhaustive summary of the current state of knowledge of the topic being reviewed. Topical reviews will emphasize recent developments (past 2-4 years) in a rapidly progressing or newly emerging field within cognitive neuroscience. In all cases, review articles should have a clear research question, offer a balanced account, consider the strengths and weaknesses of past research, and outline important directions for future research. The selection of papers should be clearly motivated. Finally, reviews should provide some advance to the field. Authors are encouraged to contact the Editor-in-Chief about the suitability of their idea for JoCN, prior to embarking on writing it. There are no formal length requirements, but reviews will typically be between 5,000 and 12,000 words in length on initial submission.

When quantitative analyses are included in a review, authors are we strongly encouraged to provide access to their databases, codebook, and relevant scripts already in their initial submission.

### 4. Perspectives

The Journal publishes Perspectives, which are a place to introduce new ideas, reflect on a vexing problem in the literature, challenge current dogma, or present ideas about future directions in the field in question. Although Perspectives are intended to be more speculative and provocative than Review articles, they should remain evidence-based and rely on identifiable expertise within the scope of cognitive neuroscience. For instance, they should acknowledge competing accounts, and acknowledge when a particular (set of) finding(s) could be reasonably considered to be controversial and/or in need of replication. Perspectives will typically be shorter than Reviews (< 5000 words), include no more than 3 figures, and no more than 60 references.

## JoCN Checklist for submission

1. Ethics authorization
2. Justification of sample size
3. Statistical model, degrees of freedom, effect sizes (eta-square or Bayes factor)
4. References: DOI is provided
5. Data availability statement
6. Acknowledgments
7. Gender citation balance
8. Author contribution statement following the CRediT Taxonomy
Contributer Role Role Definition
Conceptualization Ideas; formulation or evolution of overarching research goals and aims.
Data Curation Management activities to annotate (produce metadata), scrub data and maintain research data (including software code, where it is necessary for interpreting the data itself) for initial use and later reuse.
Formal Analysis Application of statistical, mathematical, computational, or other formal techniques to analyze or synthesize study data.
Funding Acquisition Acquisition of the financial support for the project leading to this publication.
Investigation Conducting a research and investigation process, specifically performing the experiments, or data/evidence collection.
Methodology Development or design of methodology; creation of models.
Project Administration Management and coordination responsibility for the research activity planning and execution.
Resources Provision of study materials, reagents, materials, patients, laboratory samples, animals, instrumentation, computing resources, or other analysis tools.
Software Programming, software development; designing computer programs; implementation of the computer code and supporting algorithms; testing of existing code components.
Supervision Oversight and leadership responsibility for the research activity planning and execution, including mentorship external to the core team.
Validation Verification, whether as a part of the activity or separate, of the overall replication/reproducibility of results/experiments and other research outputs.
Visualization Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically visualization/data presentation.
Writing - Original Draft Preparation Creation and/or presentation of the published work, specifically writing the initial draft (including substantive translation).
Writing - Review & Editing Preparation, creation and/or presentation of the published work by those from the original research group, specifically critical review, commentary or revision – including pre- or post-publication stages.

Adapted from Brand et al. (2015)

#### References

• Brand, A., Allen, L., Altman, M., Hlava, M., & Scott, J. (2015). Beyond authorship: attribution, contribution, collaboration, and credit. Learned Publishing, 28(2), 151-155.
• Fries, P., & Maris, E. (preprint). What to do if N is two? https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.14562.
• Harms, C., & Lakens, D. (2018). Making ‘null effects’ informative: Statistical techniques and inferential frameworks. Journal of Clinical and Translational Research, 3, 7. doi:dx.doi.org/10.18053/jctres.03.2017S2.007
• Keil, A., Debener, S., Gratton, G., Junghöfer, M., Kappenman, E. S., Luck, S. J., . . . Yee, C. M. (2013). Committee report: Publication guidelines and recommendations for studies using electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography. Psychophysiology, 51, 1-21. doi:doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12147
• Makin, T. R., & Orban de Xivry, J.-J. (2019). Science Forum: Ten common statistical mistakes to watch out for when writing or reviewing a manuscript. eLife, 8, e48175. doi:doi.org/10/7554/eLife.48175.
• Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018). The preregistration revolution. Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences, USA, 115, 2600-2606. doi:doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708274114
• Nosek, B. A., & Lakens, D. (2014). Registered reports: A method to increase the credibility of published results. Social Psychology, 45, 137-141. doi:dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000192
• Poldrack, R. A., Fletcher, P. C., Henson, R. N., Worsley, K. J., Brett, M., & Nichols, T. E. (2008.) Guidelines for reportinge an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 40, 409-414. doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.11.048
• Szucs, D., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2017). When null hypothesis significance testing is unsuitable for research: A reassessment. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, article 390. doi:doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00390
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