OpenAI’s release of ChatGPT, an impressively functional large language model, in November 2022—among much else—prompted a flurry of new academic publications on the topic of artificial intelligence. ChatGPT was interesting because it offered a convincing imitation of human language, at times impossible to discern from a human writer, as well as an eerie sense of sentience. In keeping with a long intellectual tradition, the ability to use complex language was, until 2022, considered a bastion of what makes human beings special. It was the logic behind Alan Turing’s [1] suggestion of an imitation game now known as the “Turing Test” to answer the question “Can machines think?” However, the intuition that the ability to listen and respond—at least verbally, with the appearance of understanding and abstract thought—is one of the attributes that makes human beings special, no longer holds the same weight. Stephen Wolfram’s [2] summation...

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