Written language production is a fundamental aspect of daily communication, yet the neural pathways supporting it are far less studied than those for spoken language production. This study evaluated the contributions of speech-production pathways to written word production, specifically focusing on the central processes of word spelling rather than the motor production processes that support handwriting. Seventy-three English-speaking, neurotypical adults completed a spelling-to-dictation task and underwent diffusion MRI scans. The bilateral cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways (CTC) and frontal aslant tract (FAT) were identified in individual participants using probabilistic tractography and automated segmentation tools. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were computed along the trajectory of each tract and entered into correlation analyses with the spelling accuracy scores. A significant correlation was found between spelling accuracy scores and FA in the left CTC, which connects the left cerebellar hemisphere with the right cerebral hemisphere. This effect remained significant after controlling for spoken production measures. A similar trend was observed in the right homologous tract. In contrast, no significant correlations were identified between spelling accuracy scores and FA in the bilateral FAT. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, the involvement of cerebello-cerebral connections in spelling processes, aligning with the growing recognition regarding the role of the cerebellum in higher-order language functions. This effect did not generalize to the FAT, which may be relevant for more peripheral aspects of language production.

In computational models of reading, written words can be read using print-to-sound and/or print-to-meaning pathways. Neuroimaging data associate dorsal stream regions (left posterior occipitotemporal cortex, intraparietal cortex, dorsal inferior frontal gyrus [dIFG]) with the print-to-sound pathway and ventral stream regions (left anterior fusiform gyrus, middle temporal gyrus) with the print-to-meaning pathway. In 69 typical adults, we investigated whether resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) between the visual word form area (VWFA) and dorsal and ventral regions correlated with phonological (nonword reading, nonword repetition, spoonerisms), lexical-semantic (vocabulary, sensitivity to morpheme units in reading), and general literacy (word reading, spelling) skills. VWFA activity was temporally correlated with activity in both dorsal and ventral reading regions. In pre-registered whole-brain analyses, spoonerisms performance was positively correlated with RSFC between the VWFA and left dorsal regions (dIFG, superior parietal and intraparietal cortex). In exploratory region-of-interest analyses, VWFA-dIFG connectivity was also positively correlated with nonword repetition, spelling, and vocabulary. Connectivity between the VWFA and ventral stream regions was not associated with performance on any behavioural measure, either in whole-brain or region-of-interest analyses. Our results suggest that tasks such as spoonerisms and spellings, which are both complex (i.e., involve multiple subprocesses) and have high between-subject variability, provide greater opportunity for observing resting-state brain-behaviour associations. However, the complexity of these tasks limits the conclusions we can draw about the specific mechanisms that drive these associations. Future research would benefit from constructing latent variables from multiple tasks tapping the same reading subprocess.