The success of interpersonal activities strongly depends on the coordination between our movements and those of others. Learning to coordinate with other people requires a long training time and is often limited by the difficulty of having people available at the same time and of giving them accurate and real-time feedback about their coordination. The goal of the present study was to determine in an indoor team rowing situation whether virtual-reality and motion-capture technologies can help the acquisition of interpersonal coordination. More specifically, we investigated the possibility for participants to (1) learn the skill of interpersonal coordination when training with a virtual teammate, (2) accelerate learning with real-time visual feedback, and (3) transfer this skill to synchronizing situations with a real teammate. Our results show that participants improved their coordination with both virtual and real teammates, and that this improvement was better for participants who received the feedback. Generally, our results demonstrate the interest of virtual reality for learning the coordination with other people; further, our results open promising training perspectives for team rowing but also for several other interpersonal activities.

Haptic interaction in a virtual world can be tool mediated or direct; and, among direct interactions, the encountered haptic interfaces provide physical contact only when there is contact with a virtual object. This paper deals with the haptic rendering of the catching and throwing of objects by means of this type of interface. A general model for the rendering of the impact is discussed with the associated formalism for managing multiple objects and multiple devices. Next, a key parameter for simulating the impact is selected by means of a psychophysical test. Finally, a working system is presented with the application of the rendering strategy to the case of haptic juggling, showing the possibility of effectively performing basic juggling patterns with two balls.

The use of virtual environments (VE) for training sports is quite natural when considering strategic or cognitive aspects. Using VE for sensorimotor training is more challenging, in particular with the difficulty of transferring the task learned in the virtual world to the real. Of special concern for the successful transfer is the adequate combination of training experience protocols and the delivery modes of multimodal feedback. Analyzing feedback in terms of information exchange, this work discusses different feedback combinations and their application to virtual reality training of rowing skills.