With the announcement of several new diamond open access (OA) related initiatives and the creation of the Global Summit on Diamond Open Access, diamond OA is now at the forefront of the OA movement. However, while working on our recent Quantitative Science Studies publication and data sets, we noticed that temporarily waiving article processing charges (APCs) was a commonly used strategy by big publishers for some of their journals. In the absence of an index of diamond journals, most studies have operationalized the identification of diamond journals as a subset of gold journals that do not charge an APC. While this is a pragmatic approach, we fear that it could undermine the value of the research in understanding what we believe is more commonly understood by diamond OA. This letter discusses the need for bibliometric research to apply more nuance in how it operationalizes diamond OA beyond the absence of APCs. We call on the publishing sector to be more transparent in the costs of publishing. Ultimately, we argue that transparency and a long-term commitment to no-APC publishing are necessary for diamond OA to succeed, and that the research community needs to apply this standard when seeking to understand the model.

https://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway/wos/peer-review/10.1162/qss_c_00331

Prior to being termed diamond open access (OA), a model of OA that did not charge readers or authors was already well established as a norm in many parts of the world, notably in Latin America (Alperin & Fischman, 2015). In recent years, however, and with the announcement of several new diamond OA-related initiatives such as the Action Plan for Diamond Open Access, the DIAMAS and CRAFT-OA projects, and the recent creation of the Global Summit on Diamond Open Access, it is clear that diamond OA is now at the forefront of the OA movement. Much of the excitement about diamond OA stems from a belief that it can potentially resolve the inequities inherent in an author-pays model based on article processing charges (APCs). Yet, despite this optimism, up until recently there was little data about the uptake, costs, labor force, and impact of diamond OA (Bosman, Frantsvåg et al., 2021).

It is no surprise, therefore, that a growing body of research seeks to understand this model (Becerril, Bosman et al., 2021; Bosman et al., 2021; Khanna, Ball et al., 2022; Simard, Basson, & Larivière, 2022; Simard, Bason et al., 2023). In the absence of an index of diamond OA journals, most studies (including some of our own) have operationalized the identification of diamond OA journals as a subset of gold OA journals that do not charge an APC (at any given moment of analysis). While this is a pragmatic approach, we fear that it could undermine the value of the research in understanding what we believe is more commonly understood by diamond OA. When we think of a diamond OA journal, we generally imagine a small, local, community-based and nonprofit scholarly journal that relies on public funds and receives volunteer support from the academic community. For instance, at the 2nd Diamond Open Access Summit in Toluca, México (2023), experts defined the seven facets of diamond OA as (Saenen, Ancion et al., 2024):

  • equity;

  • knowledge as a public good;

  • community-driven;

  • diversity;

  • transitioning to diamond;

  • research assessment and recognition; and

  • multilevel cooperation.

As such, there is a need to operationalize diamond OA in quantitative science studies that reflects these facets.

While working on our recent QSS publication (Butler et al., 2023) and data sets (Butler, Matthias et al., 2022; Butler, Hare et al., 2024a, 2024b), we observed that the temporary waiver of APCs was a commonly used strategy by the Big 5 for-profit publishers for some of their journals. For instance, more than half of Elsevier’s gold OA articles over the 2015–2018 period were published in a journal that did not charge an APC, something that peer reviewer John Willinsky qualified as “uncharacteristic of the company,” leading him to question their classification as diamond (Willinsky, 2023). We had initially labeled these articles as diamond, the operationalization that we seek to criticize, but decided to classify them as “no APC” instead. More generally, in our 2015–2018 data set of APC list prices for the Big 5 academic publishers (Butler et al., 2022), we identified 155 journals (43,623 articles) which were listed as APCs = $0 during some of the 4-year period, 52 of them during the entire period. We manually verified some of these journals and have come across statements such as “this journal is a peer reviewed, subsidized open access journal where the Taiwan Association of Obstetrics and Gynecology pays for the publishing costs incurred by the journal.”1 This suggests an APC-like arrangement, where the society likely pays the publisher in lieu of author fees. Matching the 52 journals without an APC between 2015 and 2018 to price lists from 2019 to 2023 (Butler et al., 2024b), we found that over half had started charging an APC. For example, Zoological Letters2 (2056-306X) a journal published by Springer Nature with publishing fees that were previously covered by the Zoological Society of Japan, introduced an APC of $US2,000 in 2020. The journal now (in 2024) charges authors $US2,190 per article. This poses the question: Should journals such as Zoological Letters that temporarily waive APCs be classified as diamond OA? If the answer is no, what information other than the absence of APCs can be used to operationalize the identification of diamond OA journals?

These examples highlight that relying on a $0 APC as a sole proxy for diamond OA masks a range of practices that do not adequately address the inequities of the APC model. In other words, this approach, while practical, lumps together the use of (temporary) APC waivers as a marketing strategy, as well as different arrangements that leave price controls in the hands of publishers and not, as many who advocate for diamond OA hope, in the hands of the scholarly community. Therefore, we propose classifying no-APC journals into at least two categories:

  • nonprofit journals that do not charge APCs because their costs of publishing are covered by another source of revenue such as a learned society3; and

  • for-profit journals that temporarily do not charge APCs for various reasons (e.g., promotion, the COVID-19 pandemic, agreements with learned societies, etc.).

In other words, many of these seemingly equitable OA journals might still charge fees that significantly exceed production costs and therefore primarily sustain a profitable business model rather than promoting equity and diversity in academic publishing.

The purpose of this letter is twofold. Firstly, we would like to call for more caution when doing research on diamond OA and APCs. Over the past 25 years, we have witnessed various for-profit actors managing to maintain if not strengthen their dominance over the publishing market through the creation of author fees, which have shifted financial barriers from readers to authors (Ellers, Crowther, & Harvey, 2017; Fontúrbel & Vizentin-Bugoni, 2021; Klebel & Ross-Hellauer, 2023; Mekonnen, Downs et al., 2021; Peterson, Emmett, & Greenberg, 2013; Santidrián Tomillo, Zandonà et al., 2022). We cannot afford to repeat a similar mistake with diamond OA and let for-profit publishers take advantage of a model that we consider to be the most equitable approach to OA. A deeper reflection into what constitutes diamond OA (e.g., for-profit vs nonprofit) and how to operationalize it in quantitative analyses would eliminate ambiguity that can be used against its core values and facets (i.e., inclusive, community-based, equitable, diverse, etc.). Instantiating clarity of the definition of diamond OA in widely used databases and tools such as OpenAlex, Unpaywall, and the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) could be helpful. A good first step into this direction is the Diamond OA Standard (DOAS)4, a technical guide and a benchmarking resource recently introduced by DIAMAS, which combines guidelines with a self-assessment tool based on the seven quality standards outlined above.

Secondly, we want to call attention to the need for more transparency in the costs for publishing, by both funders and publishers, whether for-profit or nonprofit, as already proposed by the Fair Open Access Alliance (FOAA) framework (Wallace, 2020). The Public Library of Science (PLOS) is transparent about how their “publication fees are used to support journal activities and operational costs” after participating in the Plan S Price & Service Transparency Framework pilot in 2020 (PLOS, 2023). Similarly, QSS also provides a breakdown of publishing costs financed through the author-pays model5. Unfortunately, such transparency practices are far from being the norm.

While we believe that studies that estimate APC spend are crucial to make evidence-based decisions about investments in academic publishing, the creation and curation of the data sets was an incredibly time-intensive effort and leads to estimates rather than actual fees paid. This has been criticized by the very publishers that are in the position to reveal actual revenues for OA (Ansede, 2023). We therefore urge publishers to be transparent about costs and fees that would allow for more accurate approaches.

To encourage diamond OA as an equitable and sustainable OA publishing model for the academic community, we must be mindful of how we discuss and study it. Making a distinction between true diamond journals and those that temporarily waive APCs will be especially important to avoid co-opting the model and to ensure that OA is not exploited once again as a means to generate profits.

Marc-André Simard: Conceptualization, Project administration, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. Leigh-Ann Butler: Writing—review & editing. Juan Pablo Alperin: Writing—review & editing. Stefanie Haustein: Conceptualization, Writing—review & editing.

Juan Pablo Alperin is on the International Advisory Board of the DIAMAS and CRAFT-OA projects. The remaining authors of this letter declare no conflict of interest.

Marc-André Simard would like to acknowledge funding from the Fonds de recherche du Québec (FRQSC) doctoral training scholarships program.

Alperin
,
J. P.
, &
Fischman
,
G.
(
2015
).
Made in Latin America: Open access, scholarly journals, and regional innovations
(1st ed.).
FLACSO Brasil: CLACSO: Latindex: PKP, Public Knowledge Project: Redalyc.org: Scielo
.
Ansede
,
M.
(
2023
).
Scientists paid large publishers over $1 billion in four years to have their studies published with open access
.
EL PAÍS
,
November 21
. https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-11-21/scientists-paid-large-publishers-over-1-billion-in-four-years-to-have-their-studies-published-with-open-access.html
Becerril
,
A.
,
Bosman
,
J.
,
Bjørnshauge
,
L.
,
Frantsvåg
,
J.
,
Kramer
,
B.
, …
Torny
,
D.
(
2021
).
OA diamond journals study. Part 2: Recommendations
.
Zenodo
.
Bosman
,
J.
,
Frantsvåg
,
J. E.
,
Kramer
,
B.
,
Langlais
,
P.-C.
, &
Proudman
,
V.
(
2021
).
OA diamond journals study. Part 1: Findings
.
Zenodo
.
Butler
,
L.-A.
,
Hare
,
M.
,
Schönfelder
,
N.
,
Schares
,
E.
,
Alperin
,
J. P.
, &
Haustein
,
S.
(
2024a
).
An open dataset of article processing charges from six large scholarly publishers (2019–2023)
.
arXiv
.
Butler
,
L.-A.
,
Hare
,
M.
,
Schönfelder
,
N.
,
Schares
,
E.
,
Alperin
,
J. P.
, &
Haustein
,
S.
(
2024b
).
Open dataset of annual Article Processing Charges (APCs) of gold and hybrid journals published by Elsevier, Frontiers, MDPI, PLOS, Springer-Nature and Wiley 2019–2023 [Dataset]
.
Harvard Dataverse
.
Butler
,
L.-A.
,
Matthias
,
L.
,
Simard
,
M.-A.
,
Mongeon
,
P.
, &
Haustein
,
S.
(
2022
).
Annual Article Processing Charges (APCs) and number of gold and hybrid open access articles in Web of Science indexed journals published by Elsevier, Sage, Springer-Nature, Taylor & Francis and Wiley 2015–2018 (Version v1) [Dataset]
.
Zenodo
.
Butler
,
L. A.
,
Matthias
,
L.
,
Simard
,
M. A.
,
Mongeon
,
P.
, &
Haustein
,
S.
(
2023
).
The oligopoly’s shift to open access: How the big five academic publishers profit from article processing charges
.
Quantitative Science Studies
4
(
4
)
778
799
.
Ellers
,
J.
,
Crowther
,
T. W.
, &
Harvey
,
J. A.
(
2017
).
Gold open access publishing in mega-journals: Developing countries pay the price of Western premium academic output
.
Journal of Scholarly Publishing
,
49
(
1
),
89
102
.
Fontúrbel
,
F. E.
, &
Vizentin-Bugoni
,
J.
(
2021
).
A paywall coming down, another being erected: Open access article processing charges (APC) may prevent some researchers from publishing in leading journals
.
Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America
,
102
(
1
),
e01791
.
Khanna
,
S.
,
Ball
,
J.
,
Alperin
,
J. P.
, &
Willinsky
,
J.
(
2022
).
Recalibrating the scope of scholarly publishing: A modest step in a vast decolonization process
.
Quantitative Science Studies
,
3
(
4
),
912
930
.
Klebel
,
T.
, &
Ross-Hellauer
,
T.
(
2023
).
The APC-barrier and its effect on stratification in open access publishing
.
Quantitative Science Studies
,
4
(
1
),
22
43
.
Mekonnen
,
A.
,
Downs
,
C.
,
Effiom
,
E. O.
,
Razafindratsima
,
O.
,
Stenseth
,
N. C.
, &
Chapman
,
C. A.
(
2021
).
What costs half a year’s pay for African scholars? Open access
.
Nature
,
596
(
7871
),
189
. ,
[PubMed]
Peterson
,
A. T.
,
Emmett
,
A.
, &
Greenberg
,
M. L.
(
2013
).
Open access and the author-pays problem: Assuring access for readers and authors in the global academic community
.
Journal of Librarianship and Scholarly Communication
,
1
(
3
),
eP1064
.
PLOS
. (
2023
).
PLOS price transparency update 2021
.
The Official PLOS Blog
. https://theplosblog.plos.org/2023/02/plos-price-transparency-update-2021/
Saenen
,
B.
,
Ancion
,
Z.
,
Borrell-Damián
,
L.
,
Mounier
,
P.
,
Oliva Uribe
,
D.
, …
Rooryck
,
J.
(
2024
).
2nd Diamond Access Conference Report
.
Zenodo
.
Santidrián Tomillo
,
P.
,
Zandonà
,
E.
,
Iñamagua
,
J. P.
, &
Payo-Payo
,
A.
(
2022
).
Open access perpetuates differences between higher- and lower-income countries
.
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
,
20
(
6
),
343
344
.
Simard
,
M.-A.
,
Basson
,
I.
, &
Larivière
,
V.
(
2022
).
Geographic differences in the uptake of diamond open access and APCs
. In
N.
Robinson-Garcia
,
D.
Torres-Salinas
, &
W.
Arroyo-Machado
(Eds.),
26th International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators
,
STI 2022 (sti22140)
.
Simard
,
M.-A.
,
Bason
,
I.
,
Hare
,
M.
,
Larivière
,
V.
, &
Mongeon
,
P.
(
2023
).
Shine bright like a diamond: A bibliometric analysis of diamond Open Access journals and their coverage in Web of Science, Scopus and OpenAlex
.
Zenodo
.
Wallace
,
N.
(
2020
).
Open-access science funders announce price transparency rules for publishers
.
Science
,
May 18
.
Willinsky
,
J.
(
2023
).
Review content for “The oligopoly’s shift to open access. How the big five academic publishers profit from article processing charges”
[Peer review]
.

Author notes

Handling Editor: Vincent Larivière

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For a full description of the license, please visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.