A recent analysis of scientific publication and patent citation networks by Park et al. (Nature, 2023) suggests that publications and patents are becoming less disruptive over time. Here we show that the reported decrease in disruptiveness is an artifact of systematic shifts in the structure of citation networks unrelated to innovation system capacity. Instead, the decline is attributable to “citation inflation,” an unavoidable characteristic of real citation networks that manifests as a systematic time-dependent bias and renders cross-temporal analysis challenging. One driver of citation inflation is the ever-increasing lengths of reference lists over time, which in turn increases the density of links in citation networks, and causes the disruption index to converge to 0. The impact of this systematic bias further stymies efforts to correlate disruption to other measures that are also time dependent, such as team size and citation counts. In order to demonstrate this fundamental measurement problem, we present three complementary lines of critique (deductive, empirical and computational modeling), and also make available an ensemble of synthetic citation networks that can be used to test alternative citation-based indices for systematic bias.

Considerable efforts have been deployed by the European Union to create an integrated Research & Development area. In this paper, we focus on the structure and evolution of the European collaboration network as reflected by patent data. We study patent networks representing collaborations between inventors located in different geographic areas. Existing studies seem to indicate an increasing integration of the European research system, but none of them has investigated which regions contribute most to this integration. We analyze the patent coinventorship network to measure network-based distances between regions through multiple metrics, in order to evaluate the role of different areas for the integration of the EU R&D system. We study changes of the average closeness between European regions belonging to different countries. In particular, we perform a counterfactual exercise, simulating the impact on EU integration of the removal of countries and individual regions. Our findings reveal an important contribution from U.S. regions in favoring EU integration. In particular, the size and the density of the U.S. system, together with the presence of a few regional hubs, play a key role in reducing the distances between European regions.