Firms' success in international markets depends on their product's quality, prices, markups, and marginal cost. However, causally identified empirical evidence for the effect of trade policies that address non-tariff barriers on these mechanisms is rare. To fill this gap, we exploit a quasi-natural experiment in Denmark and examine the effects of an export support policy aimed at reducing non-tariff barriers to trade. We find that export support raises firm-level exports within markets. However, export support does not affect prices, quality, markups, or marginal costs. Instead, the results support trade theory predicting that firms grow in export markets by shifting demand.

In this paper, we estimate the trade effects of a transit system upgrading that streamlines border processing in developing countries. Our empirical approach combines transaction level export data from El Salvador with unique data that distinguishes export flows that were processed on the transit system. Our results indicate that the new transit system lowered regulatory border costs and raised exports. At the low end, our back-of-the-envelope estimate of the return to investment is US$ 3-to-1. This evidence informs a policy covered by the 2013 WTO Agreement of Trade Facilitation.