| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exporter GDP | 0.71*** | 0.87*** | ||||
| (0.05) | (0.04) | |||||
| Importer GDP | 0.69*** | 0.84*** | ||||
| (0.05) | (0.03) | |||||
| Distance | −0.75*** | −0.80*** | −0.88*** | −0.76*** | −0.75*** | −0.81*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Common | 0.09*** | 0.08*** | 0.27*** | 0.27*** | 0.10*** | 0.09*** |
| language | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.03) | (0.03) |
| Bilateral real | −0.10* | −0.25*** | −0.04*** | −0.10*** | 0.16*** | 0.04*** |
| exchange rate | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.06) | (0.07) |
| Constant | −5.68*** | −9.98*** | 15.0*** | 15.0*** | 17.5*** | 18.3*** |
| (1.16) | (0.90) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.11) | (0.12) | |
| Dependent | Consumer | Consumer | Consumer | Consumer | Consumer | Consumer |
| variable | goods | goods | goods | goods | goods | goods |
| excluding | excluding | excluding | ||||
| cars | cars | cars | ||||
| Fixed effects | Exporter, | Exporter, | Time-varying | Time-varying | Exporter, | Exporter, |
| specification | importer, | importer, | exporter, | exporter, | importer, | importer, |
| time | time | importer | importer | time | time | |
| No. of | 23,249 | 23,249 | 23,249 | 23,249 | 23,249 | 23,249 |
| observations | ||||||
| Sample period | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . | (5) . | (6) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exporter GDP | 0.71*** | 0.87*** | ||||
| (0.05) | (0.04) | |||||
| Importer GDP | 0.69*** | 0.84*** | ||||
| (0.05) | (0.03) | |||||
| Distance | −0.75*** | −0.80*** | −0.88*** | −0.76*** | −0.75*** | −0.81*** |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Common | 0.09*** | 0.08*** | 0.27*** | 0.27*** | 0.10*** | 0.09*** |
| language | (0.03) | (0.03) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.03) | (0.03) |
| Bilateral real | −0.10* | −0.25*** | −0.04*** | −0.10*** | 0.16*** | 0.04*** |
| exchange rate | (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.06) | (0.07) |
| Constant | −5.68*** | −9.98*** | 15.0*** | 15.0*** | 17.5*** | 18.3*** |
| (1.16) | (0.90) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.11) | (0.12) | |
| Dependent | Consumer | Consumer | Consumer | Consumer | Consumer | Consumer |
| variable | goods | goods | goods | goods | goods | goods |
| excluding | excluding | excluding | ||||
| cars | cars | cars | ||||
| Fixed effects | Exporter, | Exporter, | Time-varying | Time-varying | Exporter, | Exporter, |
| specification | importer, | importer, | exporter, | exporter, | importer, | importer, |
| time | time | importer | importer | time | time | |
| No. of | 23,249 | 23,249 | 23,249 | 23,249 | 23,249 | 23,249 |
| observations | ||||||
| Sample period | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 | 1988–2012 |
GDP = gross domestic product, PPML = Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood.
*** = significant at 1%, ** = significant at 5%, and * = significant at 10% level.
Notes: The table contains PPML estimates of gravity models. Bilateral exports from 31 major exporters to each of the other 30 economies in 1988–2012 are included. Huber-White standard errors are in parentheses.
Source: Author's calculations.