MIT Press

Table A.1.

Variable Descriptions and Data Sources

Description	Source and Years of Data
Individual and household characteristics	NSSO: 1983, 1987–1988, 1993–1994, 1999–2000, 2004–2005, 2007–2008
State-level net real domestic product	Reserve Bank of India: 1983, 1987, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2007
State-level unemployment rates	Indiastat; NSSO: 1983, 1987–1988, 1993–1994, 1999–2000, 2004–2005, 2007–2008
State-level indicators of minimum wage enforcement	Labour Bureau: 1983, 1986, 1993, 1998, 2004, 2006
State-level labor market regulations on adjustment and disputes	Ahsan and Pagés (2009): 1983, 1986, 1993, 1998, 2004, 2006
State- and industry-level minimum wages	Labour Bureau: 1983, 1986, 1993, 1998, 2004, 2006

Description	Source and Years of Data
Individual and household characteristics	NSSO: 1983, 1987–1988, 1993–1994, 1999–2000, 2004–2005, 2007–2008
State-level net real domestic product	Reserve Bank of India: 1983, 1987, 1993, 1999, 2004, 2007
State-level unemployment rates	Indiastat; NSSO: 1983, 1987–1988, 1993–1994, 1999–2000, 2004–2005, 2007–2008
State-level indicators of minimum wage enforcement	Labour Bureau: 1983, 1986, 1993, 1998, 2004, 2006
State-level labor market regulations on adjustment and disputes	Ahsan and Pagés (2009): 1983, 1986, 1993, 1998, 2004, 2006
State- and industry-level minimum wages	Labour Bureau: 1983, 1986, 1993, 1998, 2004, 2006

Source: Authors’ compilation.

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Table A.2a.

Complete Regression Results for Employment Estimations in the Formal Sector, before and after 2005

	Rural				Urban
	Men		Women		Men		Women
Formal Sector Results	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005
Minimum wage	0.655^***	0.414	0.696^***	0.844^***	−0.050	−0.358	0.375	0.773^*
	(0.162)	(0.304)	(0.165)	(0.265)	(0.324)	(0.233)	(0.297)	(0.435)
Education (reference group = illiterate)
Less than primary school	0.066^***	0.047^***	0.038^**	0.063^***	0.187^***	0.144^***	0.136^***	0.112
	(0.008)	(0.005)	(0.015)	(0.010)	(0.023)	(0.016)	(0.027)	(0.069)
Primary school	0.118^***	0.110^***	0.131^***	0.104^***	0.254^***	0.234^***	0.252^***	0.145^***
	(0.015)	(0.009)	(0.039)	(0.013)	(0.022)	(0.018)	(0.034)	(0.044)
Middle school	0.256^***	0.232^***	0.187^***	0.230^***	0.357^***	0.335^***	0.464^***	0.230^***
	(0.023)	(0.011)	(0.030)	(0.032)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.039)	(0.057)
Secondary school	0.524^***	0.476^***	0.607^***	0.593^***	0.534^***	0.483^***	0.602^***	0.465^***
	(0.027)	(0.022)	(0.031)	(0.048)	(0.028)	(0.023)	(0.043)	(0.054)
Graduate school	0.777^***	0.776^***	0.817^***	0.868^***	0.608^***	0.591^***	0.626^***	0.545^***
	(0.039)	(0.024)	(0.066)	(0.038)	(0.031)	(0.036)	(0.049)	(0.053)
Years of potential experience	0.015^***	0.013^***	0.007^***	0.011^***	0.007^***	0.006^***	0.000	0.005^*
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Potential experience squared/100	−0.020^***	−0.017^***	−0.009^***	−0.014^***	−0.004	−0.006^***	0.006^*	−0.005
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.005)
Currently married	−0.020^**	−0.038^***	−0.016^*	−0.037^***	−0.006	−0.013	−.054^***	−0.080^***
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.017)	(0.020)
Scheduled tribe or caste	−0.052^***	−0.078^***	−0.006	−0.022^***	−0.057^***	−0.074^***	−0.017	−0.006
	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.009)	(0.005)	(0.016)	(0.013)	(0.012)	(0.018)
Hindu	0.014	0.014	0.013	−0.014^*	0.034	0.028^*	0.020	−0.017
	(0.013)	(0.016)	(0.011)	(0.007)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.023)	(0.025)
Household headed by a man	0.034	0.013	−0.015	−0.018	0.077^***	0.034^*	0.035	−0.014
	(0.030)	(0.013)	(0.010)	(0.011)	(0.024)	(0.017)	(0.040)	(0.015)
No. of preschool children in household	−0.008^*	−0.004	−0.005	0.007^**	−0.017^**	−0.021^**	−0.004	−0.007
	(0.004)	(0.200)	(0.006)	(0.003)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.011)
Net state domestic product	−0.000^***	−0.001	0.001^***	−0.001^***	0.000	0.001^**	−0.000	−0.001
	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)
State unemployment rate	0.007^***	−0.009	−0.003^***	−0.001^**	0.002	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001^*
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)
State regulations: Adjustments	−0.110^***	−0.148^*	−0.152^***	−0.085^**	−0.020	0.053	0.024	−0.107
	(0.028)	(0.083)	(0.048)	(0.030)	(0.021)	(0.050)	(0.030)	(0.080)
State regulations: Disputes	−0.039^***	0.010^***	0.068^***	−0.078^**	−0.004	0.071^***	−0.007	−0.058
	(0.006)	(0.003)	(0.013)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.006)	(0.018)	(0.041)
Enforcement: Inspections	0.026^***	0.002	0.012^**	−0.010^***	−0.004^***	0.006^***	0.018	−0.013^*
	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.012)	(0.007)
Enforcement: Irregularities	−0.009^***	−0.048^*	−0.008^***	0.011	0.002	−0.021^**	0.005^***	0.001
	(0.002)	(0.023)	(0.002)	(0.010)	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.001)	(0.010)
Enforcement: Cases w/ fines	−0.057^**	‥	−0.103^***	‥	0.050	‥	0.088^***	‥
	(0.020)	‥	(0.017)	‥	(0.084)	‥	(0.014)	‥
Enforcement: Value of fines	0.007^***	0.008	0.002^***	−0.004^***	−0.001	0.002	0.002	−0.005^***
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.001)
No. of observations	140,354	78,152	57,831	27,922	182,426	57,108	39,203	14,625

	Rural				Urban
	Men		Women		Men		Women
Formal Sector Results	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005
Minimum wage	0.655^***	0.414	0.696^***	0.844^***	−0.050	−0.358	0.375	0.773^*
	(0.162)	(0.304)	(0.165)	(0.265)	(0.324)	(0.233)	(0.297)	(0.435)
Education (reference group = illiterate)
Less than primary school	0.066^***	0.047^***	0.038^**	0.063^***	0.187^***	0.144^***	0.136^***	0.112
	(0.008)	(0.005)	(0.015)	(0.010)	(0.023)	(0.016)	(0.027)	(0.069)
Primary school	0.118^***	0.110^***	0.131^***	0.104^***	0.254^***	0.234^***	0.252^***	0.145^***
	(0.015)	(0.009)	(0.039)	(0.013)	(0.022)	(0.018)	(0.034)	(0.044)
Middle school	0.256^***	0.232^***	0.187^***	0.230^***	0.357^***	0.335^***	0.464^***	0.230^***
	(0.023)	(0.011)	(0.030)	(0.032)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.039)	(0.057)
Secondary school	0.524^***	0.476^***	0.607^***	0.593^***	0.534^***	0.483^***	0.602^***	0.465^***
	(0.027)	(0.022)	(0.031)	(0.048)	(0.028)	(0.023)	(0.043)	(0.054)
Graduate school	0.777^***	0.776^***	0.817^***	0.868^***	0.608^***	0.591^***	0.626^***	0.545^***
	(0.039)	(0.024)	(0.066)	(0.038)	(0.031)	(0.036)	(0.049)	(0.053)
Years of potential experience	0.015^***	0.013^***	0.007^***	0.011^***	0.007^***	0.006^***	0.000	0.005^*
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Potential experience squared/100	−0.020^***	−0.017^***	−0.009^***	−0.014^***	−0.004	−0.006^***	0.006^*	−0.005
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.005)
Currently married	−0.020^**	−0.038^***	−0.016^*	−0.037^***	−0.006	−0.013	−.054^***	−0.080^***
	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.017)	(0.020)
Scheduled tribe or caste	−0.052^***	−0.078^***	−0.006	−0.022^***	−0.057^***	−0.074^***	−0.017	−0.006
	(0.011)	(0.016)	(0.009)	(0.005)	(0.016)	(0.013)	(0.012)	(0.018)
Hindu	0.014	0.014	0.013	−0.014^*	0.034	0.028^*	0.020	−0.017
	(0.013)	(0.016)	(0.011)	(0.007)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.023)	(0.025)
Household headed by a man	0.034	0.013	−0.015	−0.018	0.077^***	0.034^*	0.035	−0.014
	(0.030)	(0.013)	(0.010)	(0.011)	(0.024)	(0.017)	(0.040)	(0.015)
No. of preschool children in household	−0.008^*	−0.004	−0.005	0.007^**	−0.017^**	−0.021^**	−0.004	−0.007
	(0.004)	(0.200)	(0.006)	(0.003)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.011)
Net state domestic product	−0.000^***	−0.001	0.001^***	−0.001^***	0.000	0.001^**	−0.000	−0.001
	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)
State unemployment rate	0.007^***	−0.009	−0.003^***	−0.001^**	0.002	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001^*
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)
State regulations: Adjustments	−0.110^***	−0.148^*	−0.152^***	−0.085^**	−0.020	0.053	0.024	−0.107
	(0.028)	(0.083)	(0.048)	(0.030)	(0.021)	(0.050)	(0.030)	(0.080)
State regulations: Disputes	−0.039^***	0.010^***	0.068^***	−0.078^**	−0.004	0.071^***	−0.007	−0.058
	(0.006)	(0.003)	(0.013)	(0.031)	(0.031)	(0.006)	(0.018)	(0.041)
Enforcement: Inspections	0.026^***	0.002	0.012^**	−0.010^***	−0.004^***	0.006^***	0.018	−0.013^*
	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.012)	(0.007)
Enforcement: Irregularities	−0.009^***	−0.048^*	−0.008^***	0.011	0.002	−0.021^**	0.005^***	0.001
	(0.002)	(0.023)	(0.002)	(0.010)	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.001)	(0.010)
Enforcement: Cases w/ fines	−0.057^**	‥	−0.103^***	‥	0.050	‥	0.088^***	‥
	(0.020)	‥	(0.017)	‥	(0.084)	‥	(0.014)	‥
Enforcement: Value of fines	0.007^***	0.008	0.002^***	−0.004^***	−0.001	0.002	0.002	−0.005^***
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.001)
No. of observations	140,354	78,152	57,831	27,922	182,426	57,108	39,203	14,625

Notes: Weighted to national level with National Sample Survey Organization sample weights. Standard errors, in parentheses, are clustered by state. ^*** = p < 0.01, ^** = p < 0.05, ^* = p < 0.10. All regressions include state dummies, time dummies, and state–time interaction terms.

Source: Authors’ calculations.

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Table A.2b.

Complete Regression Results for Employment Estimations in the Informal Sector, before and after 2005

	Rural				Urban
	Men		Women		Men		Women
Informal Sector Results	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005
Minimum wage	−0.651^***	−0.402	−0.748^***	−0.868^***	0.038	0.353	−0.374	−0.787^*
	(0.173)	(0.297)	(0.159)	(0.281)	(0.328)	(0.232)	(0.302)	(0.435)
Education (reference = illiterate)
Less than primary school	−0.066^***	−0.046^***	−0.030	−0.061^***	−0.189^***	−0.141^***	−0.133^***	−0.108
	(0.008)	(0.005)	(0.019)	(0.009)	(0.023)	(0.017)	(0.029)	(0.067)
Primary school	−0.118^***	−0.110^***	−0.136^***	−0.105^***	−0.258^***	−0.231^***	−0.252^***	−0.153^***
	(0.015)	(0.009)	(0.042)	(0.013)	(0.022)	(0.019)	(0.036)	(0.047)
Middle school	−0.259^***	−0.231^***	−0.185^***	−0.226^***	−0.356^***	−0.332^***	−0.464^***	−0.236^***
	(0.023)	(0.011)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.040)	(0.053)
Secondary school	−0.531^***	−0.473^***	−0.600^***	−0.595^***	−0.538^***	−0.480^***	−0.606^***	−0.468^***
	(0.027)	(0.023)	(0.033)	(0.050)	(0.028)	(0.023)	(0.042)	(0.051)
Graduate school	−0.788^***	−0.776^***	−0.835^***	−0.866^***	−0.610^***	−0.590^***	−0.634^***	−0.552^***
	(0.043)	(0.025)	(0.058)	(0.040)	(0.032)	(0.035)	(0.051)	(0.051)
Years of potential experience	−0.015^***	−0.013^***	−0.007^***	−0.011^***	−0.007^***	−0.006^***	0.000	−0.005^*
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Potential experience squared/100	0.020^***	0.017^***	0.009^***	0.015^***	0.004	0.006^***	−0.006^*	0.005
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.006)
Currently married	0.022^**	0.037^***	0.019^*	0.036^***	0.006	0.011	0.041^**	0.075^***
	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.019)
Scheduled tribe or caste	0.051^***	0.078^***	0.000	0.021^***	0.061^***	0.072^***	0.022	0.000
	(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.016)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.017)
Hindu	−0.014	−0.013	−0.017	0.013	−0.037^*	−0.025	−0.027	0.016
	(0.012)	(0.017)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.026)	(0.024)
Household headed by a man	−0.027	−0.012	0.012	0.016	−0.078^**	−0.033^*	−0.026	0.013
	(0.027)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.027)	(0.017)	(0.037)	(0.015)
No. of preschool children in household	0.007^*	0.004	0.005	−0.008^*	0.017^**	0.021^**	0.004	0.008
	(0.004)	(0.300)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.011)
Net state domestic product	0.000^***	0.001^*	−0.002^***	0.001^***	−0.000	−0.001^**	0.000	0.001
	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)
State unemployment rate	−0.007^***	0.010^*	0.003^***	0.001^**	−0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001^*
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)
State regulations: Adjustments	0.112^***	0.153^*	0.167^***	0.070^**	0.017	−0.054	−0.026	0.110
	(0.030)	(0.081)	(0.046)	(0.032)	(0.021)	(0.050)	(0.031)	(0.080)
State regulations: Disputes	0.038^***	−0.008^**	−0.072^***	0.099^***	0.004	−0.067^***	0.008	0.067
	(0.007)	(0.003)	(0.012)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.006)	(0.018)	(0.041)
Enforcement: Inspections	−0.025^***	−0.001	−0.013^***	0.014^***	0.004^***	−0.006^***	−0.019	0.015^**
	(0.008)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.003)	0.000	(0.001)	(0.012)	(0.007)
Enforcement: Irregularities	0.008^***	0.051^**	0.009^***	−0.026^**	−0.002	0.019^**	−0.006^***	−0.004
	(0.002)	(0.023)	(0.002)	(0.010)	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.001)	(0.010)
Enforcement: Cases w/ fines	0.062^**	‥	0.112^***	‥	−0.042	‥	−0.092^***	‥
	(0.021)	‥	(0.016)	‥	(0.085)	‥	(0.014)	‥
Enforcement: Value of fines	−0.007^***	−0.010^*	−0.003^***	0.005^***	0.001	−0.002	−0.002	0.005^***
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.001)
No. of observations	140,354	78,152	57,831	27,922	182,426	57,108	39,203	14,625

	Rural				Urban
	Men		Women		Men		Women
Informal Sector Results	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005
Minimum wage	−0.651^***	−0.402	−0.748^***	−0.868^***	0.038	0.353	−0.374	−0.787^*
	(0.173)	(0.297)	(0.159)	(0.281)	(0.328)	(0.232)	(0.302)	(0.435)
Education (reference = illiterate)
Less than primary school	−0.066^***	−0.046^***	−0.030	−0.061^***	−0.189^***	−0.141^***	−0.133^***	−0.108
	(0.008)	(0.005)	(0.019)	(0.009)	(0.023)	(0.017)	(0.029)	(0.067)
Primary school	−0.118^***	−0.110^***	−0.136^***	−0.105^***	−0.258^***	−0.231^***	−0.252^***	−0.153^***
	(0.015)	(0.009)	(0.042)	(0.013)	(0.022)	(0.019)	(0.036)	(0.047)
Middle school	−0.259^***	−0.231^***	−0.185^***	−0.226^***	−0.356^***	−0.332^***	−0.464^***	−0.236^***
	(0.023)	(0.011)	(0.032)	(0.030)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.040)	(0.053)
Secondary school	−0.531^***	−0.473^***	−0.600^***	−0.595^***	−0.538^***	−0.480^***	−0.606^***	−0.468^***
	(0.027)	(0.023)	(0.033)	(0.050)	(0.028)	(0.023)	(0.042)	(0.051)
Graduate school	−0.788^***	−0.776^***	−0.835^***	−0.866^***	−0.610^***	−0.590^***	−0.634^***	−0.552^***
	(0.043)	(0.025)	(0.058)	(0.040)	(0.032)	(0.035)	(0.051)	(0.051)
Years of potential experience	−0.015^***	−0.013^***	−0.007^***	−0.011^***	−0.007^***	−0.006^***	0.000	−0.005^*
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Potential experience squared/100	0.020^***	0.017^***	0.009^***	0.015^***	0.004	0.006^***	−0.006^*	0.005
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.006)
Currently married	0.022^**	0.037^***	0.019^*	0.036^***	0.006	0.011	0.041^**	0.075^***
	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.019)
Scheduled tribe or caste	0.051^***	0.078^***	0.000	0.021^***	0.061^***	0.072^***	0.022	0.000
	(0.012)	(0.016)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.016)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.017)
Hindu	−0.014	−0.013	−0.017	0.013	−0.037^*	−0.025	−0.027	0.016
	(0.012)	(0.017)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.020)	(0.015)	(0.026)	(0.024)
Household headed by a man	−0.027	−0.012	0.012	0.016	−0.078^**	−0.033^*	−0.026	0.013
	(0.027)	(0.012)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.027)	(0.017)	(0.037)	(0.015)
No. of preschool children in household	0.007^*	0.004	0.005	−0.008^*	0.017^**	0.021^**	0.004	0.008
	(0.004)	(0.300)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.011)
Net state domestic product	0.000^***	0.001^*	−0.002^***	0.001^***	−0.000	−0.001^**	0.000	0.001
	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)
State unemployment rate	−0.007^***	0.010^*	0.003^***	0.001^**	−0.002	0.001	0.001	0.001^*
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)
State regulations: Adjustments	0.112^***	0.153^*	0.167^***	0.070^**	0.017	−0.054	−0.026	0.110
	(0.030)	(0.081)	(0.046)	(0.032)	(0.021)	(0.050)	(0.031)	(0.080)
State regulations: Disputes	0.038^***	−0.008^**	−0.072^***	0.099^***	0.004	−0.067^***	0.008	0.067
	(0.007)	(0.003)	(0.012)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.006)	(0.018)	(0.041)
Enforcement: Inspections	−0.025^***	−0.001	−0.013^***	0.014^***	0.004^***	−0.006^***	−0.019	0.015^**
	(0.008)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.003)	0.000	(0.001)	(0.012)	(0.007)
Enforcement: Irregularities	0.008^***	0.051^**	0.009^***	−0.026^**	−0.002	0.019^**	−0.006^***	−0.004
	(0.002)	(0.023)	(0.002)	(0.010)	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.001)	(0.010)
Enforcement: Cases w/ fines	0.062^**	‥	0.112^***	‥	−0.042	‥	−0.092^***	‥
	(0.021)	‥	(0.016)	‥	(0.085)	‥	(0.014)	‥
Enforcement: Value of fines	−0.007^***	−0.010^*	−0.003^***	0.005^***	0.001	−0.002	−0.002	0.005^***
	(0.002)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.001)
No. of observations	140,354	78,152	57,831	27,922	182,426	57,108	39,203	14,625

Source: Authors’ calculations.

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Table A.2c.

Complete Regression Results for Employment Estimations for the Self-Employed, before and after 2005

	Rural				Urban
	Men		Women		Men		Women
Self-Employed Results	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005
Minimum wage	−0.084^**	−0.059	−0.016	−0.006	−0.010	−0.008	−0.021^***	−0.001
	(0.033)	(0.035)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.006)	(0.010)	(0.006)	(0.004)
Education (reference group = illiterate)
Less than primary school	0.005^*	0.003	−0.001	0.005	−0.000	−0.000	0.002	0.006^*
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.003)
Primary school	0.002	0.004	0.000	0.000	−0.000	−0.002	−0.002	−0.002^*
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.001)
Middle school	−0.001	0.002	0.004	0.004	−0.003^*	−0.001	−0.002	−0.002^**
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.001)
Secondary school	−0.008^*	−0.005	0.003	0.000	−0.003^*	−0.003^*	−0.005^*	−0.003^**
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.001)
Graduate school	−0.014^***	−0.009^**	0.002	0.001	−0.004^*	−0.003^**	−0.003	−0.003^**
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Years of potential experience	0.001^**	0.001^***	0.001^*	0.001^*	−0.000	−0.000	−0.000	−0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Potential experience squared/100	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001^*	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Currently married	0.012^***	0.011^***	−0.002	−0.001	0.002^**	0.001	0.004^**	0.001
	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Scheduled tribe or caste	−0.006^**	−0.005^*	−0.006	−0.001	−0.000	−0.000	−0.001	0.001
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Hindu	0.005^**	0.004	0.004	0.004^**	−0.000	0.000	−0.004	−0.001
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Household headed by a man	0.004	0.001	−0.006	−0.005^***	−0.001	−0.001	−0.005	−0.002
	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.001)
No. of preschool children in household	0.001	−0.001	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.000	−0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Net state domestic product	0.000^***	0.000^***	0.000^***	0.000^***	0.000	0.000	0.001^***	0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
State unemployment rate	−0.001^**	0.001	0.000^***	0.000	−0.001^***	0.000	0.001^***	0.000
	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
State regulations: Adjustments	0.018^***	0.021^**	0.014^***	0.003^**	0.007^***	0.003	0.003^***	0.000
	(0.005)	(0.010)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)
State regulations: Disputes	0.010^***	0.003^***	0.001	0.002	0.005^***	0.000	0.006^***	0.000
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Enforcement: Inspections	−0.003^**	−0.000	−0.000	0.000	0.001^***	−0.000	0.000^*	−0.000
	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Enforcement: Irregularities	−0.000	0.004	−0.000^***	−0.001^**	−0.000	0.001^**	−0.002^***	−0.001^***
	(0.000)	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Enforcement: Cases w/ fines	−0.006	‥	0.005^***	‥	0.002	‥	0.026^***	‥
	(0.004)	‥	(0.001)	‥	(0.002)	‥	(0.000)	‥
Enforcement: Value of fines	−0.001^***	−0.002^**	−0.000	−0.000^***	−0.001^***	−0.000	−0.001^***	−0.000^***
	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
No. of observations	140,354	78,152	57,831	27,922	182,426	57,108	39,203	14,625

	Rural				Urban
	Men		Women		Men		Women
Self-Employed Results	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005	Pre-2005	Post-2005
Minimum wage	−0.084^**	−0.059	−0.016	−0.006	−0.010	−0.008	−0.021^***	−0.001
	(0.033)	(0.035)	(0.010)	(0.012)	(0.006)	(0.010)	(0.006)	(0.004)
Education (reference group = illiterate)
Less than primary school	0.005^*	0.003	−0.001	0.005	−0.000	−0.000	0.002	0.006^*
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.003)
Primary school	0.002	0.004	0.000	0.000	−0.000	−0.002	−0.002	−0.002^*
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.001)
Middle school	−0.001	0.002	0.004	0.004	−0.003^*	−0.001	−0.002	−0.002^**
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.001)
Secondary school	−0.008^*	−0.005	0.003	0.000	−0.003^*	−0.003^*	−0.005^*	−0.003^**
	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.001)
Graduate school	−0.014^***	−0.009^**	0.002	0.001	−0.004^*	−0.003^**	−0.003	−0.003^**
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Years of potential experience	0.001^**	0.001^***	0.001^*	0.001^*	−0.000	−0.000	−0.000	−0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Potential experience squared/100	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001	−0.001^*	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Currently married	0.012^***	0.011^***	−0.002	−0.001	0.002^**	0.001	0.004^**	0.001
	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Scheduled tribe or caste	−0.006^**	−0.005^*	−0.006	−0.001	−0.000	−0.000	−0.001	0.001
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Hindu	0.005^**	0.004	0.004	0.004^**	−0.000	0.000	−0.004	−0.001
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Household headed by a man	0.004	0.001	−0.006	−0.005^***	−0.001	−0.001	−0.005	−0.002
	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.007)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.004)	(0.001)
No. of preschool children in household	0.001	−0.001	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.000	−0.001
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.001)
Net state domestic product	0.000^***	0.000^***	0.000^***	0.000^***	0.000	0.000	0.001^***	0.000
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
State unemployment rate	−0.001^**	0.001	0.000^***	0.000	−0.001^***	0.000	0.001^***	0.000
	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
State regulations: Adjustments	0.018^***	0.021^**	0.014^***	0.003^**	0.007^***	0.003	0.003^***	0.000
	(0.005)	(0.010)	(0.003)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)
State regulations: Disputes	0.010^***	0.003^***	0.001	0.002	0.005^***	0.000	0.006^***	0.000
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Enforcement: Inspections	−0.003^**	−0.000	−0.000	0.000	0.001^***	−0.000	0.000^*	−0.000
	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Enforcement: Irregularities	−0.000	0.004	−0.000^***	−0.001^**	−0.000	0.001^**	−0.002^***	−0.001^***
	(0.000)	(0.003)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Enforcement: Cases w/ fines	−0.006	‥	0.005^***	‥	0.002	‥	0.026^***	‥
	(0.004)	‥	(0.001)	‥	(0.002)	‥	(0.000)	‥
Enforcement: Value of fines	−0.001^***	−0.002^**	−0.000	−0.000^***	−0.001^***	−0.000	−0.001^***	−0.000^***
	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
No. of observations	140,354	78,152	57,831	27,922	182,426	57,108	39,203	14,625

Source: Authors’ calculations.

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Table A.3.

Labor Force Participation Rates and the Minimum Wage

	Before	After	Before	After
	2005	2005	2005	2005
High minimum wage state	−1.372	6.434^**	−2.141	6.558^**
	(6.363)	(2.706)	(7.051)	(2.734)
Male			−0.482	0.166^*
			(0.413)	(0.078)
High minimum wage state			1.277	−0.240^**
^*Male			(1.795)	(0.108)

	Before	After	Before	After
	2005	2005	2005	2005
High minimum wage state	−1.372	6.434^**	−2.141	6.558^**
	(6.363)	(2.706)	(7.051)	(2.734)
Male			−0.482	0.166^*
			(0.413)	(0.078)
High minimum wage state			1.277	−0.240^**
^*Male			(1.795)	(0.108)

Notes: Weighted to national level with National Sample Survey Organization sample weights. Standard errors, in parentheses, are clustered by state. The notation ^*** = p < 0.01, ^** = p < 0.05, ^* = p < 0.10. All regressions include state dummies and time dummies.

Source: Authors’ calculations.

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Figure A.1.

Kernel Density Estimates of Relative Real Wages by State

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Kernel Density Estimates of Relative Real Wages by State

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