Table 4. 
Descriptions of Control Variables
VariableDescription
Exp Total expenditure on education 
Female Dummy variable where 1 is girl and 0 is boy 
Income Total income of the households in thousands of Nepalese rupees 
Poor Dummy variable where 1 implies a household is poor and 0 implies it is nota 
Birthorder Ordinal variable where 1 represents a firstborn child, 2 represents a second child, and so on 
HHsize Size of the household 
Fatheredu Education qualification of father with 10 representing 10th grade 
Motheredu Education qualification of mother with 10 representing 10th grade 
Ethni Dummy variable where 1 represents member of the upper caste and 0 represents other ethnicities 
Currentclass Current grade of the student 
Distschool Distance from home to school (in kilometers in 2010–2011 and hours in 1995–1996 and 2003–2004) 
Schooltype Dummy variable where 1 and 0 mean enrollment in private and public schools, respectively 
Rural Dummy variable where 1 represents rural and 0 represents urban 
VariableDescription
Exp Total expenditure on education 
Female Dummy variable where 1 is girl and 0 is boy 
Income Total income of the households in thousands of Nepalese rupees 
Poor Dummy variable where 1 implies a household is poor and 0 implies it is nota 
Birthorder Ordinal variable where 1 represents a firstborn child, 2 represents a second child, and so on 
HHsize Size of the household 
Fatheredu Education qualification of father with 10 representing 10th grade 
Motheredu Education qualification of mother with 10 representing 10th grade 
Ethni Dummy variable where 1 represents member of the upper caste and 0 represents other ethnicities 
Currentclass Current grade of the student 
Distschool Distance from home to school (in kilometers in 2010–2011 and hours in 1995–1996 and 2003–2004) 
Schooltype Dummy variable where 1 and 0 mean enrollment in private and public schools, respectively 
Rural Dummy variable where 1 represents rural and 0 represents urban 

aThe poverty line has been drawn based on nutritional requirements included in the NLSS.

Source: Author's compilation.

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