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Table 6.

Estimation Results for Alternative Measures of Working Conditions

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Variables	Number of Victims		Number of Deaths		Number of Deadly Accidents
Export	0.86166^***	0.00516	0.01283^***	0.00077	0.01053^***	−0.00169
	(0.138)	(0.148)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Foreign	1.46143^***	0.28419	−0.00041	0.00134	−0.00144	0.00127
	(0.410)	(0.331)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.006)
Export × Foreign	1.16173^*	1.76151^**	0.00716	0.00208	0.00717	0.00284
	(0.656)	(0.723)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Log (Female)		0.46173^***		0.00159^*		0.00185^**
		(0.106)		(0.001)		(0.001)
Log (Capital		−0.00409		0.00009		0.00028
intensity)		(0.014)		(0.000)		(0.000)
SOE		0.20434		−0.00330		−0.00464
		(0.294)		(0.003)		(0.003)
Import				−0.00394^**		−0.00348^**
				(0.002)		(0.001)
Log (R&D intensity)				0.00271		0.00274
				(0.004)		(0.004)
Log (Environmental				0.00078		0.00124
expenditure)				(0.001)		(0.001)
Constant	−0.16292^*	−0.47071^**	−0.00470	0.00193	−0.00339	0.00030
	(0.087)	(0.182)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Observations	58,052	54,430	56,143	8,334	56,208	8,335
R-squared	0.086	0.172	0.173	0.705	0.195	0.550
Industry-year effects	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Province effects	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Industry-province-	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
year effects

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Variables	Number of Victims		Number of Deaths		Number of Deadly Accidents
Export	0.86166^***	0.00516	0.01283^***	0.00077	0.01053^***	−0.00169
	(0.138)	(0.148)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Foreign	1.46143^***	0.28419	−0.00041	0.00134	−0.00144	0.00127
	(0.410)	(0.331)	(0.002)	(0.006)	(0.002)	(0.006)
Export × Foreign	1.16173^*	1.76151^**	0.00716	0.00208	0.00717	0.00284
	(0.656)	(0.723)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.006)
Log (Female)		0.46173^***		0.00159^*		0.00185^**
		(0.106)		(0.001)		(0.001)
Log (Capital		−0.00409		0.00009		0.00028
intensity)		(0.014)		(0.000)		(0.000)
SOE		0.20434		−0.00330		−0.00464
		(0.294)		(0.003)		(0.003)
Import				−0.00394^**		−0.00348^**
				(0.002)		(0.001)
Log (R&D intensity)				0.00271		0.00274
				(0.004)		(0.004)
Log (Environmental				0.00078		0.00124
expenditure)				(0.001)		(0.001)
Constant	−0.16292^*	−0.47071^**	−0.00470	0.00193	−0.00339	0.00030
	(0.087)	(0.182)	(0.003)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Observations	58,052	54,430	56,143	8,334	56,208	8,335
R-squared	0.086	0.172	0.173	0.705	0.195	0.550
Industry-year effects	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Province effects	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Industry-province-	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes
year effects

R&D = research and development, SOE = state-owned enterprise.

Notes: Robust standard errors are clustered by industry and given in parentheses. The dependent variables are number of victims of accidents, number of deaths, and number of deadly accidents. Export intensity is measured by the fraction of sales exported. ^*** = significant at 1%, ^** = significant at 5%, and ^* = significant at 10%.

Source: Author's calculations based on annual enterprise surveys (various years) obtained from the Government of Viet Nam, General Statistics Office.

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