| . | Dependent Variable . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Eight Years Later: . | . | |
| . | Average Score End of K (1) . | Average Score (2) . | Retained in Any Grade (3) . | Took ACT or SAT (4) . |
| Panel A: Not Free/Reduced-Price Lunch in K | ||||
| Mean of dependent variable | 0.268 | 0.467 | 0.155 | 0.623 |
| TSLS coefficients: | ||||
| Age at start of kindergarten | 0.892*** | 0.397 | −0.060 | 0.088 |
| (0.324) | (0.243) | (0.100) | (0.130) | |
| Relative age in K classroom | −0.124 | −0.166 | −0.127 | −0.058 |
| (0.309) | (0.222) | (0.090) | (0.118) | |
| Root MSE | 0.891 | 0.850 | 0.347 | 0.473 |
| Observations | 2,951 | 2,398 | 2,420 | 3,217 |
| Panel B: Free/Reduced–Price Lunch in K | ||||
| Mean of dependent variable | −0.281 | −0.284 | 0.360 | 0.313 |
| TSLS Coefficients: | ||||
| Age at start of kindergarten | 0.911*** | 0.856*** | −0.270** | 0.240* |
| (0.339) | (0.295) | (0.134) | (0.134) | |
| Relative age in K classroom | −0.319 | −0.665** | 0.082 | −0.242* |
| (0.315) | (0.270) | (0.132) | (0.127) | |
| Root MSE | 0.804 | 0.925 | 0.460 | 0.454 |
| Observations | 2,768 | 2,038 | 2,088 | 3,031 |
| p for age: low SES = high SES | 0.161 | 0.042 | 0.089 | 0.183 |
| p for rel. age: low SES = high SES | 0.401 | 0.047 | 0.290 | 0.120 |
| . | Dependent Variable . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | Eight Years Later: . | . | |
| . | Average Score End of K (1) . | Average Score (2) . | Retained in Any Grade (3) . | Took ACT or SAT (4) . |
| Panel A: Not Free/Reduced-Price Lunch in K | ||||
| Mean of dependent variable | 0.268 | 0.467 | 0.155 | 0.623 |
| TSLS coefficients: | ||||
| Age at start of kindergarten | 0.892*** | 0.397 | −0.060 | 0.088 |
| (0.324) | (0.243) | (0.100) | (0.130) | |
| Relative age in K classroom | −0.124 | −0.166 | −0.127 | −0.058 |
| (0.309) | (0.222) | (0.090) | (0.118) | |
| Root MSE | 0.891 | 0.850 | 0.347 | 0.473 |
| Observations | 2,951 | 2,398 | 2,420 | 3,217 |
| Panel B: Free/Reduced–Price Lunch in K | ||||
| Mean of dependent variable | −0.281 | −0.284 | 0.360 | 0.313 |
| TSLS Coefficients: | ||||
| Age at start of kindergarten | 0.911*** | 0.856*** | −0.270** | 0.240* |
| (0.339) | (0.295) | (0.134) | (0.134) | |
| Relative age in K classroom | −0.319 | −0.665** | 0.082 | −0.242* |
| (0.315) | (0.270) | (0.132) | (0.127) | |
| Root MSE | 0.804 | 0.925 | 0.460 | 0.454 |
| Observations | 2,768 | 2,038 | 2,088 | 3,031 |
| p for age: low SES = high SES | 0.161 | 0.042 | 0.089 | 0.183 |
| p for rel. age: low SES = high SES | 0.401 | 0.047 | 0.290 | 0.120 |
Notes: Each column and panel of the table presents estimates from a different regression. All models are estimated using two-stage least squares and are based on the specification presented in the final four columns of Table 4, Panel A. Thus, the models include the full set of controls; age at the start of kindergarten is instrumented with expected age at the start of kindergarten; and relative age is instrumented with own expected age – average age of kindergarten classmates. Standard errors (in parentheses) are clustered on kindergarten classroom. SES: socioeconomic status.
*Statistical significance at 10% level; **statistical significance at the 5% level; ***statistical significance at the 1% level.