MIT Press

Table 1.

Sample Means of Michigan Eleventh Grade Student Cohorts

	All Cohorts (2004–09) (1)	Pre-ACT Cohorts (2004–06) (2)	Post-ACT Cohorts (2007–09) (3)	Difference: (3) – (2) (4)	p-Value: (4) = 0 (5)
Demographics
Female	0.498	0.498	0.498	−0.001	0.436
White	0.764	0.778	0.751	−0.027	0.000
Black	0.167	0.155	0.179	0.024	0.000
Hispanic	0.033	0.031	0.035	0.004	0.000
Other race	0.035	0.036	0.035	0.000	0.258
Free or reduced lunch	0.283	0.241	0.322	0.080	0.000
Special education	0.123	0.124	0.122	−0.002	0.041
Limited English	0.021	0.020	0.023	0.002	0.000
Local unemployment	8.25	7.34	9.13	1.79	0.000
Driving miles to nearest ACT test center	3.60	4.72	2.52	−2.20	0.000
Educational attainment
Reaches twelfth grade	0.908	0.904	0.912	0.009	0.000
Graduates high school	0.844	0.844	0.844	0.000	0.923
Enrolls in any college	0.580	0.570	0.589	0.020	0.000
Enrolls in four-yr college	0.314	0.309	0.319	0.010	0.000
ACT score	19.6	20.7	18.9	−1.9	0.000
ACT-taking rate
All students	0.739	0.558	0.912	0.354	0.000
Males	0.706	0.507	0.898	0.392	0.000
Females	0.771	0.611	0.926	0.315	0.000
Blacks	0.647	0.456	0.806	0.350	0.000
Whites	0.761	0.583	0.939	0.355	0.000
Free or reduced lunch	0.644	0.350	0.852	0.503	0.000
Non-free lunch	0.778	0.625	0.940	0.316	0.000
<Median grade eight score	0.662	0.401	0.902	0.501	0.000
>Median grade eight score	0.868	0.766	0.961	0.195	0.000
Missing grade eight score	0.101	0.123	0.079	−0.044	0.000
Took SAT	0.048	0.064	0.033	−0.030	0.000
Took SAT & ACT	0.045	0.058	0.033	−0.025	0.000
SAT score	25.0	24.7	25.8	1.1	0.000
Students per cohort	122,243	119,917	124,570
Total students	733,460	359,751	373,709

	All Cohorts (2004–09) (1)	Pre-ACT Cohorts (2004–06) (2)	Post-ACT Cohorts (2007–09) (3)	Difference: (3) – (2) (4)	p-Value: (4) = 0 (5)
Demographics
Female	0.498	0.498	0.498	−0.001	0.436
White	0.764	0.778	0.751	−0.027	0.000
Black	0.167	0.155	0.179	0.024	0.000
Hispanic	0.033	0.031	0.035	0.004	0.000
Other race	0.035	0.036	0.035	0.000	0.258
Free or reduced lunch	0.283	0.241	0.322	0.080	0.000
Special education	0.123	0.124	0.122	−0.002	0.041
Limited English	0.021	0.020	0.023	0.002	0.000
Local unemployment	8.25	7.34	9.13	1.79	0.000
Driving miles to nearest ACT test center	3.60	4.72	2.52	−2.20	0.000
Educational attainment
Reaches twelfth grade	0.908	0.904	0.912	0.009	0.000
Graduates high school	0.844	0.844	0.844	0.000	0.923
Enrolls in any college	0.580	0.570	0.589	0.020	0.000
Enrolls in four-yr college	0.314	0.309	0.319	0.010	0.000
ACT score	19.6	20.7	18.9	−1.9	0.000
ACT-taking rate
All students	0.739	0.558	0.912	0.354	0.000
Males	0.706	0.507	0.898	0.392	0.000
Females	0.771	0.611	0.926	0.315	0.000
Blacks	0.647	0.456	0.806	0.350	0.000
Whites	0.761	0.583	0.939	0.355	0.000
Free or reduced lunch	0.644	0.350	0.852	0.503	0.000
Non-free lunch	0.778	0.625	0.940	0.316	0.000
<Median grade eight score	0.662	0.401	0.902	0.501	0.000
>Median grade eight score	0.868	0.766	0.961	0.195	0.000
Missing grade eight score	0.101	0.123	0.079	−0.044	0.000
Took SAT	0.048	0.064	0.033	−0.030	0.000
Took SAT & ACT	0.045	0.058	0.033	−0.025	0.000
SAT score	25.0	24.7	25.8	1.1	0.000
Students per cohort	122,243	119,917	124,570
Total students	733,460	359,751	373,709

Notes: The sample is all first-time eleventh graders in Michigan public high schools during 2003–04 through 2008–09 conditional on reaching their eleventh-grade spring semester. Free lunch, special education, and limited English proficiency status are all as of eleventh grade. Driving miles to nearest ACT test center are measured from a student's home address during eleventh grade to the nearest ACT test center open during that year. First score is used for students taking the ACT multiple times. SAT score is scaled to ACT metric. College enrollment is measured as of 16 months (1 October) following scheduled on-time high school graduation. Eighth grade score is the average of scores on the eighth-grade math and writing exams, standardized at the subject-cohort level.

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