Table 5 reports our findings for the period 2003–2011 and two sub-periods, 2003–2007 and 2008–2011. We selected these sub-periods in part because of the significant regulatory changes in 2006 and also to assure that we would have sufficient data for individual students within a sub-period to estimate models with student fixed effects. In fact, the basic findings are not sensitive to the specific sub-periods.
| . | Reading . | Math . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | FE Model . | VA (All) . | VA (Switchers) . | FE . | VA (All) . | VA (Switchers) . |
| Full-time period (2003—2011) | ||||||
| Charter school | −0.0373** | 0.0687** | 0.0086** | −0.1225** | 0.0166** | −0.0350** |
| (0.005) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.002) | (0.004) | |
| N | 3,046,109 | 2,981,397 | 81,459 | 3,015,380 | 2,952,272 | 81.087 |
| Early period (2003—2007) | ||||||
| Charter school | −0.0580** | 0.0288** | −0.0256** | −0.1374** | −0.0277 ** | −0.0758** |
| (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.005) | |
| N | 1,775,665 | 1,754,495 | 47,021 | 1,776,867 | 1,755,701 | 47,050 |
| Late period (2008—2011) | ||||||
| Charter school | 0.0053 | 0.1049** | 0.0515** | −0.0774** | 0.0656** | 0.0172** |
| (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.007) | |
| N | 1,270,444 | 1,226,902 | 34,438 | 1,238,513 | 1,196,571 | 34,037 |
| . | Reading . | Math . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | FE Model . | VA (All) . | VA (Switchers) . | FE . | VA (All) . | VA (Switchers) . |
| Full-time period (2003—2011) | ||||||
| Charter school | −0.0373** | 0.0687** | 0.0086** | −0.1225** | 0.0166** | −0.0350** |
| (0.005) | (0.002) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.002) | (0.004) | |
| N | 3,046,109 | 2,981,397 | 81,459 | 3,015,380 | 2,952,272 | 81.087 |
| Early period (2003—2007) | ||||||
| Charter school | −0.0580** | 0.0288** | −0.0256** | −0.1374** | −0.0277 ** | −0.0758** |
| (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.006) | (0.006) | (0.003) | (0.005) | |
| N | 1,775,665 | 1,754,495 | 47,021 | 1,776,867 | 1,755,701 | 47,050 |
| Late period (2008—2011) | ||||||
| Charter school | 0.0053 | 0.1049** | 0.0515** | −0.0774** | 0.0656** | 0.0172** |
| (0.008) | (0.003) | (0.007) | (0.009) | (0.003) | (0.007) | |
| N | 1,270,444 | 1,226,902 | 34,438 | 1,238,513 | 1,196,571 | 34,037 |
Notes: Entries in each cell come from separate regressions. The FE regressions include the charter school indicator, student FE, grade-by-year indicator variables, and seven time-varying characteristic of students, including lagged test scores. The value added models (VAM) include the charter school indicator, time invariant and time varying student characteristics, as well as grade-by-year indicator variables. “All” refers to the full sample; “switchers” refers to the set of students who switched between the charter and the traditional public school sector during the relevant time period.
**p < 0.05.