MIT Press

Table 7.

Estimates from Mixed Logit Models

	Pre-university		Senior General/Pre-university		Senior General
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Negative quality	−0.105	1.445^***	−0.196	0.603	−0.006	0.660
	(0.184)	(0.301)	(0.193)	(0.450)	(0.225)	(0.753)
			−0.003	1.025^**
			(0.241)	(0.517)
Positive quality	0.458^***	0.889^**	0.299^***	0.854^**	0.026	0.418
	(0.118)	(0.348)	(0.116)	(0.352)	(0.081)	(0.328)
			0.090	0.769^**
			(0.134)	(0.343)
Missing quality scores	−1.122^*	1.851^**	−1.275^**	2.486^***	−2.431^**	3.102^***
	(0.617)	(0.726)	(0.513)	(0.523)	(0.976)	(0.777)
			−5.073^*	5.077^**
			(2.635)	(1.970)
Negative quality 2009	0.314	0.553	0.023	1.656^***	0.139	1.973^***
	(0.349)	(0.480)	(0.395)	(0.517)	(0.747)	(0.575)
			0.453	0.898
			(0.648)	(0.554)
Positive quality 2009	−0.192	1.164^**	0.087	0.371	−0.218^*	0.394
	(0.199)	(0.585)	(0.249)	(0.933)	(0.121)	(0.365)
			−0.076	0.495
			(0.195)	(0.621)
Missing quality scores 2009	−1.695	2.599^**	1.739^*	0.500	0.484	0.313
	(1.170)	(1.053)	(0.925)	(0.599)	(0.331)	(0.899)
			−4.547^**	4.680^***
			(1.995)	(1.679)
Distance	−0.660^***	0.163^**	−0.738^***	0.174^***	−0.649^***	0.251^***
	(0.031)	(0.071)	(0.035)	(0.059)	(0.031)	(0.042)
Lottery	0.028	0.450	−0.115	0.287	−0.107	0.035
	(0.086)	(0.399)	(0.073)	(0.246)	(0.068)	(0.126)
N students	4,374		2,819		3,133
N schools	27		21		23
Log likelihood	10,197.6		−5,936.0		−7,007.5
Pseudo R²	0.16		0.25		0.24
	Pre-vocational IV/Senior General		Pre-vocational IV		Pre-vocational II
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Negative quality	0.037	0.027	−0.176	0.387	0.181	0.086
	(0.109)	(0.176)	(0.109)	(0.307)	(0.126)	(0.242)
	−0.128	0.020
	(0.127)	(0.200)
Positive quality	−0.095	0.899^**	−0.184^*	0.004	−0.272^*	1.002^***
	(0.178)	(0.413)	(0.106)	(0.113)	(0.144)	(0.351)
	−0.351^**	0.156
	(0.163)	(0.182)
Missing quality scores	−0.133	0.550	−0.122	0.786	0.005	0.266
	(0.473)	(0.443)	(0.277)	(0.496)	(0.180)	(0.195)
	−0.356	1.520^***
	(0.565)	(0.552)
Negative quality 2009	−0.628	1.253^***	0.214	1.645^**	−2.138	2.512
	(0.585)	(0.404)	(0.434)	(0.694)	(4.150)	(2.481)
	0.643^*	0.215
	(0.358)	(0.352)
Positive quality 2009	0.134	0.464	−0.718^*	1.075	−0.706	1.808
	(0.247)	(1.359)	(0.379)	(0.928)	(0.520)	(1.247)
	−0.165	0.893
	(0.303)	(0.684)
Missing quality scores 2009	−0.873	1.364	−1.077	1.259	−0.497	0.349
	(0.828)	(1.222)	(0.738)	(1.168)	(0.318)	(0.539)
Distance	−0.671^***	0.232^***	−0.634^***	0.192^***	−0.558^***	0.152^***
	(0.036)	(0.032)	(0.025)	(0.033)	(0.026)	(0.035)
Lottery	−0.021	0.282	−0.393	0.968	−1.804^***	1.958^***
	(0.146)	(0.289)	(0.285)	(0.589)	(0.666)	(0.522)
N students	2,028		2,881		2,130
N schools	18		23		22
Log Likelihood	−3,649.4		−5,358.8		−4,227.0
Pseudo R²	0.32		0.33		0.31
		Pre-vocational I/II		Pre-vocational I
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Negative quality		0.011	0.690	−0.272	2.955^***
		(0.336)	(0.945)	(1.387)	(0.615)
		−3.989	3.570
		(4.330)	(3.042)
Positive quality		−0.089	0.777	0.050	0.078
		(0.218)	(0.690)	(0.113)	(0.241)
		0.160	0.334^**
		(0.206)	(0.142)
Missing quality scores		−0.364	0.232	0.012	0.087
		(0.612)	(0.611)	(0.155)	(0.506)
		−0.506	1.410^**
		(0.826)	(0.580)
Negative quality 2009		−3.000	2.810^*	0.244	1.333^**
		(2.028)	(1.674)	(0.664)	(0.676)
Positive quality 2009		−0.575	1.138^*	0.212	2.017^***
		(0.431)	(0.658)	(0.234)	(0.712)
		−0.232	0.240
		(0.380)	(0.319)
Missing quality scores 2009		−0.593	0.599	−1.373^*	0.158
		(0.754)	(0.414)	(0.778)	(0.487)
		−0.862	0.995
		(1.000)	(0.737)
Distance		−0.653^***	0.178^***	−0.615^***	0.054
		(0.044)	(0.055)	(0.018)	(0.035)
Lottery		−0.852	1.946^***	−0.017	0.258
		(0.690)	(0.668)	(0.202)	(0.677)
N students		1,039		2,713
N schools		21		22
Log likelihood		−1,984.8		−5,324.8
Pseudo R²		0.34		0.33

	Pre-university		Senior General/Pre-university		Senior General
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Negative quality	−0.105	1.445^***	−0.196	0.603	−0.006	0.660
	(0.184)	(0.301)	(0.193)	(0.450)	(0.225)	(0.753)
			−0.003	1.025^**
			(0.241)	(0.517)
Positive quality	0.458^***	0.889^**	0.299^***	0.854^**	0.026	0.418
	(0.118)	(0.348)	(0.116)	(0.352)	(0.081)	(0.328)
			0.090	0.769^**
			(0.134)	(0.343)
Missing quality scores	−1.122^*	1.851^**	−1.275^**	2.486^***	−2.431^**	3.102^***
	(0.617)	(0.726)	(0.513)	(0.523)	(0.976)	(0.777)
			−5.073^*	5.077^**
			(2.635)	(1.970)
Negative quality 2009	0.314	0.553	0.023	1.656^***	0.139	1.973^***
	(0.349)	(0.480)	(0.395)	(0.517)	(0.747)	(0.575)
			0.453	0.898
			(0.648)	(0.554)
Positive quality 2009	−0.192	1.164^**	0.087	0.371	−0.218^*	0.394
	(0.199)	(0.585)	(0.249)	(0.933)	(0.121)	(0.365)
			−0.076	0.495
			(0.195)	(0.621)
Missing quality scores 2009	−1.695	2.599^**	1.739^*	0.500	0.484	0.313
	(1.170)	(1.053)	(0.925)	(0.599)	(0.331)	(0.899)
			−4.547^**	4.680^***
			(1.995)	(1.679)
Distance	−0.660^***	0.163^**	−0.738^***	0.174^***	−0.649^***	0.251^***
	(0.031)	(0.071)	(0.035)	(0.059)	(0.031)	(0.042)
Lottery	0.028	0.450	−0.115	0.287	−0.107	0.035
	(0.086)	(0.399)	(0.073)	(0.246)	(0.068)	(0.126)
N students	4,374		2,819		3,133
N schools	27		21		23
Log likelihood	10,197.6		−5,936.0		−7,007.5
Pseudo R²	0.16		0.25		0.24
	Pre-vocational IV/Senior General		Pre-vocational IV		Pre-vocational II
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Negative quality	0.037	0.027	−0.176	0.387	0.181	0.086
	(0.109)	(0.176)	(0.109)	(0.307)	(0.126)	(0.242)
	−0.128	0.020
	(0.127)	(0.200)
Positive quality	−0.095	0.899^**	−0.184^*	0.004	−0.272^*	1.002^***
	(0.178)	(0.413)	(0.106)	(0.113)	(0.144)	(0.351)
	−0.351^**	0.156
	(0.163)	(0.182)
Missing quality scores	−0.133	0.550	−0.122	0.786	0.005	0.266
	(0.473)	(0.443)	(0.277)	(0.496)	(0.180)	(0.195)
	−0.356	1.520^***
	(0.565)	(0.552)
Negative quality 2009	−0.628	1.253^***	0.214	1.645^**	−2.138	2.512
	(0.585)	(0.404)	(0.434)	(0.694)	(4.150)	(2.481)
	0.643^*	0.215
	(0.358)	(0.352)
Positive quality 2009	0.134	0.464	−0.718^*	1.075	−0.706	1.808
	(0.247)	(1.359)	(0.379)	(0.928)	(0.520)	(1.247)
	−0.165	0.893
	(0.303)	(0.684)
Missing quality scores 2009	−0.873	1.364	−1.077	1.259	−0.497	0.349
	(0.828)	(1.222)	(0.738)	(1.168)	(0.318)	(0.539)
Distance	−0.671^***	0.232^***	−0.634^***	0.192^***	−0.558^***	0.152^***
	(0.036)	(0.032)	(0.025)	(0.033)	(0.026)	(0.035)
Lottery	−0.021	0.282	−0.393	0.968	−1.804^***	1.958^***
	(0.146)	(0.289)	(0.285)	(0.589)	(0.666)	(0.522)
N students	2,028		2,881		2,130
N schools	18		23		22
Log Likelihood	−3,649.4		−5,358.8		−4,227.0
Pseudo R²	0.32		0.33		0.31
		Pre-vocational I/II		Pre-vocational I
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Negative quality		0.011	0.690	−0.272	2.955^***
		(0.336)	(0.945)	(1.387)	(0.615)
		−3.989	3.570
		(4.330)	(3.042)
Positive quality		−0.089	0.777	0.050	0.078
		(0.218)	(0.690)	(0.113)	(0.241)
		0.160	0.334^**
		(0.206)	(0.142)
Missing quality scores		−0.364	0.232	0.012	0.087
		(0.612)	(0.611)	(0.155)	(0.506)
		−0.506	1.410^**
		(0.826)	(0.580)
Negative quality 2009		−3.000	2.810^*	0.244	1.333^**
		(2.028)	(1.674)	(0.664)	(0.676)
Positive quality 2009		−0.575	1.138^*	0.212	2.017^***
		(0.431)	(0.658)	(0.234)	(0.712)
		−0.232	0.240
		(0.380)	(0.319)
Missing quality scores 2009		−0.593	0.599	−1.373^*	0.158
		(0.754)	(0.414)	(0.778)	(0.487)
		−0.862	0.995
		(1.000)	(0.737)
Distance		−0.653^***	0.178^***	−0.615^***	0.054
		(0.044)	(0.055)	(0.018)	(0.035)
Lottery		−0.852	1.946^***	−0.017	0.258
		(0.690)	(0.668)	(0.202)	(0.677)
N students		1,039		2,713
N schools		21		22
Log likelihood		−1,984.8		−5,324.8
Pseudo R²		0.34		0.33

Notes: Standard errors are clustered at the primary school level and reported in parentheses. Included student level controls are gender, Dutch, missing ethnicity, test score, missing test score, student weight, and missing student weight for pre-vocational I, I/II, and II. For the pre-vocational IV to pre-university tracks, the missing indicators could not be included for computational reasons. When using Wald tests to compare the coefficients for the variables in this table in conditional logit models with and without the missing indicators, it turns out that the null hypothesis of equal coefficients cannot be rejected for the pre-vocational IV to pre-university tracks.

^***p < 0.01; ^**p < 0.05; ^*p < 0.10.

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