Table 1.
Comparison of Baseline Means for Treatment and Control Groups, Field Experiment
Admitted StudentsAlready-Enrolled Students
N (1)Treatment Group (2)Control Group (3)Difference in Means (4)N (5)Treatment Group (6)Control Group (7)Difference in Means (8)
High school grade point average 2,637 3.42 3.40 0.02 821 3.56 3.58 −0.02 
ACT score 2,655 22.0 21.9 0.1 821 23.6 23.4 0.2 
Previously taken >30 credit hours     820 25.9% 22.7% 3.3% 
Amount previously borrowed     821 $2,280 $2,036 $244 
In-state resident 2,655 92.5% 91.9% 0.6% 821 94.7% 95.8% −1.1% 
Pell grant eligible 2,655 46.3% 45.5% 0.7% 821 40.0% 42.7% −2.7% 
Parent income 2,536 $74,511 $78,504 −$3,993 803 $80,808 $79,602 $1,206 
Parent with college degree or higher 2,617 65.6% 63.7% 1.9% 815 75.4% 68.4% 7.0%* 
Grant aid 2,655 $3,396 $3,513 −$117 821 $6,495 $7,199 −$405 
Female 2,654 58.6% 60.8% 2.2% 821 61.8% 66.7% −4.9% 
Black 2,288 9.1% 10.4% −1.3% 745 5.2% 5.2% 0.0% 
Latino 2,288 2.2% 2.5% −0.2% 745 2.5% 1.5% 1.0% 
White 2,288 86.6% 85.4% 1.2% 745 90.0% 91.8% −1.8% 
Other race/ethnicity 2,288 2.1% 1.8% 0.3% 745 2.2% 1.5% 0.8% 
Race/ethnicity missing or unreported 2,655 14.0% 13.7% 0.3% 821 8.0% 10.7% −2.7% 
Admitted StudentsAlready-Enrolled Students
N (1)Treatment Group (2)Control Group (3)Difference in Means (4)N (5)Treatment Group (6)Control Group (7)Difference in Means (8)
High school grade point average 2,637 3.42 3.40 0.02 821 3.56 3.58 −0.02 
ACT score 2,655 22.0 21.9 0.1 821 23.6 23.4 0.2 
Previously taken >30 credit hours     820 25.9% 22.7% 3.3% 
Amount previously borrowed     821 $2,280 $2,036 $244 
In-state resident 2,655 92.5% 91.9% 0.6% 821 94.7% 95.8% −1.1% 
Pell grant eligible 2,655 46.3% 45.5% 0.7% 821 40.0% 42.7% −2.7% 
Parent income 2,536 $74,511 $78,504 −$3,993 803 $80,808 $79,602 $1,206 
Parent with college degree or higher 2,617 65.6% 63.7% 1.9% 815 75.4% 68.4% 7.0%* 
Grant aid 2,655 $3,396 $3,513 −$117 821 $6,495 $7,199 −$405 
Female 2,654 58.6% 60.8% 2.2% 821 61.8% 66.7% −4.9% 
Black 2,288 9.1% 10.4% −1.3% 745 5.2% 5.2% 0.0% 
Latino 2,288 2.2% 2.5% −0.2% 745 2.5% 1.5% 1.0% 
White 2,288 86.6% 85.4% 1.2% 745 90.0% 91.8% −1.8% 
Other race/ethnicity 2,288 2.1% 1.8% 0.3% 745 2.2% 1.5% 0.8% 
Race/ethnicity missing or unreported 2,655 14.0% 13.7% 0.3% 821 8.0% 10.7% −2.7% 

*p < 0.10.

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