Table 2.
Main and Heterogeneous Treatment Effects, Field Experiment
Admitted StudentsAlready-Enrolled Students
Whether a Student Enrolled (1)Whether a Student Borrowed (2)Amount Borrowed (3)Whether a Student Borrowed (4)Amount Borrowed (5)
Full sample −0.02 0.04 −66.87 0.00 227.24 
 (0.02) (0.03) (178.90) (0.02) (211.34) 
N 2,471 1,162 542 791 348 
Pell eligible −0.04 0.06 −172.28 0.02 404.31 
 (0.03) (0.04) (273.28) (0.04) (330.15) 
N 1,057 506 288 313 169 
Bottom income quartile −0.04 0.01 182.44 −0.01 603.70 
 (0.04) (0.06) (384.98) (0.05) (445.19) 
N 617 283 149 197 104 
Top income quartile 0.01 0.03 −494.85 −0.01 65.97 
 (0.04) (0.05) (448.54) (0.03) (409.88) 
N 629 281 70 200 56 
First generation status −0.03 0.00 −262.15 −0.03 292.44 
 (0.03) (0.05) (310.68) (0.05) (357.34) 
N 844 400 221 215 118 
Underrepresented minority −0.08 0.07 −1334.71* −0.12 1657.46 
 (0.06) (0.09) (709.30) (0.10) (1236.85) 
N 282 126 72 50 32 
Female −0.00 0.07* 290.25 0.02 151.41 
 (0.03) (0.04) (213.40) (0.03) (257.98) 
N 1,484 706 332 504 236 
Bottom ACT quartile −0.04 0.07 70.34 −0.01 674.17* 
 (0.04) (0.06) (376.89) (0.04) (355.62) 
N 685 291 180 277 154 
Top ACT quartile 0.01 0.05 −70.01 −0.07 −703.93 
 (0.04) (0.05) (423.03) (0.05) (626.13) 
N 508 274 71 138 27 
Previously borrowed    0.05* 259.58 
    (0.03) (241.13) 
N    318 293 
Admitted StudentsAlready-Enrolled Students
Whether a Student Enrolled (1)Whether a Student Borrowed (2)Amount Borrowed (3)Whether a Student Borrowed (4)Amount Borrowed (5)
Full sample −0.02 0.04 −66.87 0.00 227.24 
 (0.02) (0.03) (178.90) (0.02) (211.34) 
N 2,471 1,162 542 791 348 
Pell eligible −0.04 0.06 −172.28 0.02 404.31 
 (0.03) (0.04) (273.28) (0.04) (330.15) 
N 1,057 506 288 313 169 
Bottom income quartile −0.04 0.01 182.44 −0.01 603.70 
 (0.04) (0.06) (384.98) (0.05) (445.19) 
N 617 283 149 197 104 
Top income quartile 0.01 0.03 −494.85 −0.01 65.97 
 (0.04) (0.05) (448.54) (0.03) (409.88) 
N 629 281 70 200 56 
First generation status −0.03 0.00 −262.15 −0.03 292.44 
 (0.03) (0.05) (310.68) (0.05) (357.34) 
N 844 400 221 215 118 
Underrepresented minority −0.08 0.07 −1334.71* −0.12 1657.46 
 (0.06) (0.09) (709.30) (0.10) (1236.85) 
N 282 126 72 50 32 
Female −0.00 0.07* 290.25 0.02 151.41 
 (0.03) (0.04) (213.40) (0.03) (257.98) 
N 1,484 706 332 504 236 
Bottom ACT quartile −0.04 0.07 70.34 −0.01 674.17* 
 (0.04) (0.06) (376.89) (0.04) (355.62) 
N 685 291 180 277 154 
Top ACT quartile 0.01 0.05 −70.01 −0.07 −703.93 
 (0.04) (0.05) (423.03) (0.05) (626.13) 
N 508 274 71 138 27 
Previously borrowed    0.05* 259.58 
    (0.03) (241.13) 
N    318 293 

Notes: Robust standard errors in parentheses. Estimates for whether a student enrolled and whether a student borrowed (conditional on enrollment) come from linear probability models. Estimates for amount borrowed (conditional on borrowing) come from linear models. All models include baseline covariates: indicators for gender, ethnicity, in-state residency, Pell grant eligibility, one parent with college degree or higher, previously taken >30 college credit hours (already-enrolled students), and continuous measures of high school grade point average, ACT score, natural log of parent income, grant aid, and amount previously borrowed (already enrolled students). Pell grant eligibility, income, parent education, race, gender, and ACT scores are excluded as covariates in models for the corresponding subgroups.

*p < 0.10.

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