Table 2. 
Logistic regression analysis of factors affecting likelihood of APC-BASED DOAJ-listed journals (odds ratios)
Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5Model 6Model 7Model 8Model 9Model 10Model 11Model 12
Journal Impact Factor 
JIF (yes/no) 8.076*** (.538)           2.589*** (.244) 
Scopus coverage 
Scopus coverage (yes/no)  4.462*** (.201)          1.432*** (.093) 
Journal language 
English only   [omitted]        [omitted] [omitted] 
Partially English   .182*** (.101)        .181*** (.011) .517*** (.041) 
No English   .142*** (.100)        .170*** (.014) .509*** (.049) 
Publisher type 
Large for-profit    [omitted]        [omitted] 
Not-for-profit organization    .084*** (.009)        .217*** (.029) 
University press    .129*** (.018)        .415*** (.067) 
Professional association    .150*** (.016)        .360*** (.050) 
Small for-profit    .600*** (.045)        .845 (.079) 
College/university    .064*** (.004)        .235*** (.024) 
Unclassified    .101*** (.008)        .339*** (.035) 
DOAJ Seal 
DOAJ Seal     9.952*** (.649)       2.826*** (.244) 
World Bank geographic region 
East Asia & Pacific      .705*** (.064)     1.056 (.124) .964 (.135) 
Europe & Central Asia      .979 (.077)     1.669*** (.138) .879 (.094) 
Latin America & Caribbean      .108*** (.013)     .808 (.112) .478*** (.077) 
Middle East & North Africa      .460*** (.058)     .929 (.136) .664* (.114) 
North America      [omitted]     [omitted] [omitted] 
South Asia      .749* (.104)     .322*** (.056) .120*** (.025) 
Sub-Saharan Africa      2.157*** (.428)     4.794*** (1.100) 3.301*** (.841) 
World Bank economic region 
High income       [omitted]    [omitted] [omitted] 
Low income       .186** (.113)    .190* (.130) .354 (.262) 
Lower middle income       .712*** (.040)    2.098*** (.210) 3.448*** (.411) 
Upper middle income       .230*** (.013)    .462*** (.034) .746*** (.068) 
Peer review duration 
Average peer review weeks        1.020** (.007)    .995 (.009) 
Average peer review weeks (squared)        .999*** (.000)    1.000 (.000) 
Journal size 
Total 2018 Publications (log)         1.823*** (.042)   1.347*** (.039) 
Journal subject 
Medicine          [omitted]  [omitted] 
Interdisciplinary          .573*** (.048)  1.336** (.143) 
Social Sciences & Humanities          .147*** (.008)  .395*** (.029) 
Natural Sciences          .672*** (.037)  .697*** (.051) 
Constant .290*** (.007) .237*** (.006) .813*** (.022) 2.197*** (.124) .273*** (.006) .539*** (.040) .576*** (.151) .360*** (.024) .049*** (.004) .926* (.036) .647*** (.049) .646* (.116) 
R-squared .077 .079 .121 .179 .101 .068 .058 .005 .059 .108 .163 .321 
n 12121 12120 12121 12121 12121 12121 12121 12094 11199 12107 12121 11184 
Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4Model 5Model 6Model 7Model 8Model 9Model 10Model 11Model 12
Journal Impact Factor 
JIF (yes/no) 8.076*** (.538)           2.589*** (.244) 
Scopus coverage 
Scopus coverage (yes/no)  4.462*** (.201)          1.432*** (.093) 
Journal language 
English only   [omitted]        [omitted] [omitted] 
Partially English   .182*** (.101)        .181*** (.011) .517*** (.041) 
No English   .142*** (.100)        .170*** (.014) .509*** (.049) 
Publisher type 
Large for-profit    [omitted]        [omitted] 
Not-for-profit organization    .084*** (.009)        .217*** (.029) 
University press    .129*** (.018)        .415*** (.067) 
Professional association    .150*** (.016)        .360*** (.050) 
Small for-profit    .600*** (.045)        .845 (.079) 
College/university    .064*** (.004)        .235*** (.024) 
Unclassified    .101*** (.008)        .339*** (.035) 
DOAJ Seal 
DOAJ Seal     9.952*** (.649)       2.826*** (.244) 
World Bank geographic region 
East Asia & Pacific      .705*** (.064)     1.056 (.124) .964 (.135) 
Europe & Central Asia      .979 (.077)     1.669*** (.138) .879 (.094) 
Latin America & Caribbean      .108*** (.013)     .808 (.112) .478*** (.077) 
Middle East & North Africa      .460*** (.058)     .929 (.136) .664* (.114) 
North America      [omitted]     [omitted] [omitted] 
South Asia      .749* (.104)     .322*** (.056) .120*** (.025) 
Sub-Saharan Africa      2.157*** (.428)     4.794*** (1.100) 3.301*** (.841) 
World Bank economic region 
High income       [omitted]    [omitted] [omitted] 
Low income       .186** (.113)    .190* (.130) .354 (.262) 
Lower middle income       .712*** (.040)    2.098*** (.210) 3.448*** (.411) 
Upper middle income       .230*** (.013)    .462*** (.034) .746*** (.068) 
Peer review duration 
Average peer review weeks        1.020** (.007)    .995 (.009) 
Average peer review weeks (squared)        .999*** (.000)    1.000 (.000) 
Journal size 
Total 2018 Publications (log)         1.823*** (.042)   1.347*** (.039) 
Journal subject 
Medicine          [omitted]  [omitted] 
Interdisciplinary          .573*** (.048)  1.336** (.143) 
Social Sciences & Humanities          .147*** (.008)  .395*** (.029) 
Natural Sciences          .672*** (.037)  .697*** (.051) 
Constant .290*** (.007) .237*** (.006) .813*** (.022) 2.197*** (.124) .273*** (.006) .539*** (.040) .576*** (.151) .360*** (.024) .049*** (.004) .926* (.036) .647*** (.049) .646* (.116) 
R-squared .077 .079 .121 .179 .101 .068 .058 .005 .059 .108 .163 .321 
n 12121 12120 12121 12121 12121 12121 12121 12094 11199 12107 12121 11184 

*p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tailed tests). Standard errors are in parentheses.

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