Categorical Responses to Object Sounds Specific to the Blind
Area . | k . | x (mm) . | y (mm) . | z (mm) . | Z . | p . | x (mm) . | y (mm) . | z (mm) . | Z . | p . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between-group Effects: [EB > SC] . | Main Effect in EB . | ||||||||||
[O > SO] | [O > SO] | ||||||||||
L inferior occipital G | 7443 | −26 | −92 | 6 | 5.46 | .001* | −20 | −94 | 6 | 5.35 | .001* |
L middle/inferior occipital G | −36 | −82 | 0 | 5.45 | 0.001* | −32 | −84 | −4 | 5.14 | 0.003* | |
L fusiform G | −36 | −68 | −14 | 4.86 | .011* | −34 | −68 | −18 | 5.82 | <.001* | |
R inferior OTC | 6075 | 38 | −66 | −4 | 4.75 | .018* | 38 | −66 | −6 | 4.54 | .039* |
R inferior occipital G | 36 | −84 | 0 | 4.57 | .035* | 34 | −82 | −4 | 4.52 | .043* | |
R fusiform S | 34 | −54 | −16 | 4.52 | .042* | 38 | −56 | −20 | 5.31 | .002* | |
[O > V] | [O > V] | ||||||||||
L middle occipital G | 15494 | −26 | −92 | 4 | 5.57 | <.001* | −24 | −94 | 8 | 5.39 | .001* |
L middle/inferior occipital G | −28 | −78 | −4 | 5.32 | 0.001* | −26 | −78 | −4 | 5.54 | 0.001* | |
L superior occipital G | −26 | −94 | 26 | 5.22 | .002* | −26 | −94 | 24 | 5.34 | .001* | |
[O > SO] ∩ [O > V] | [O > SO] ∩ [O > V] | ||||||||||
L middle occipital G | 5582 | −26 | −92 | 6 | 5.46 | .001* | −24 | −94 | 6 | 5.31 | .001* |
L middle/inferior occipital G | −36 | −82 | −2 | 5.21 | 0.002* | −30 | −80 | −6 | 5.14 | 0.003* | |
L lingual G | −20 | −74 | 0 | 4.49 | .047* | −20 | −72 | 2 | 4.83 | .013* | |
R inferior OTC | 4821 | 38 | −66 | −4 | 4.75 | .018* | 38 | −72 | 4 | 4.60 | .031* |
R inferior occipital G | 36 | −80 | −2 | 4.40 | .001 | 36 | −76 | −4 | 4.15 | .002 | |
R middle occipital G | 40 | −86 | 10 | 4.29 | .001 | 40 | −82 | 10 | 3.75 | .008 |
Area . | k . | x (mm) . | y (mm) . | z (mm) . | Z . | p . | x (mm) . | y (mm) . | z (mm) . | Z . | p . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Between-group Effects: [EB > SC] . | Main Effect in EB . | ||||||||||
[O > SO] | [O > SO] | ||||||||||
L inferior occipital G | 7443 | −26 | −92 | 6 | 5.46 | .001* | −20 | −94 | 6 | 5.35 | .001* |
L middle/inferior occipital G | −36 | −82 | 0 | 5.45 | 0.001* | −32 | −84 | −4 | 5.14 | 0.003* | |
L fusiform G | −36 | −68 | −14 | 4.86 | .011* | −34 | −68 | −18 | 5.82 | <.001* | |
R inferior OTC | 6075 | 38 | −66 | −4 | 4.75 | .018* | 38 | −66 | −6 | 4.54 | .039* |
R inferior occipital G | 36 | −84 | 0 | 4.57 | .035* | 34 | −82 | −4 | 4.52 | .043* | |
R fusiform S | 34 | −54 | −16 | 4.52 | .042* | 38 | −56 | −20 | 5.31 | .002* | |
[O > V] | [O > V] | ||||||||||
L middle occipital G | 15494 | −26 | −92 | 4 | 5.57 | <.001* | −24 | −94 | 8 | 5.39 | .001* |
L middle/inferior occipital G | −28 | −78 | −4 | 5.32 | 0.001* | −26 | −78 | −4 | 5.54 | 0.001* | |
L superior occipital G | −26 | −94 | 26 | 5.22 | .002* | −26 | −94 | 24 | 5.34 | .001* | |
[O > SO] ∩ [O > V] | [O > SO] ∩ [O > V] | ||||||||||
L middle occipital G | 5582 | −26 | −92 | 6 | 5.46 | .001* | −24 | −94 | 6 | 5.31 | .001* |
L middle/inferior occipital G | −36 | −82 | −2 | 5.21 | 0.002* | −30 | −80 | −6 | 5.14 | 0.003* | |
L lingual G | −20 | −74 | 0 | 4.49 | .047* | −20 | −72 | 2 | 4.83 | .013* | |
R inferior OTC | 4821 | 38 | −66 | −4 | 4.75 | .018* | 38 | −72 | 4 | 4.60 | .031* |
R inferior occipital G | 36 | −80 | −2 | 4.40 | .001 | 36 | −76 | −4 | 4.15 | .002 | |
R middle occipital G | 40 | −86 | 10 | 4.29 | .001 | 40 | −82 | 10 | 3.75 | .008 |
Coordinates reported in this table are significant (p < .05 FWE) after correction over small spherical volumes (SVC) or over (*) the whole brain. k represents the number of voxels when displayed at p(unc) < .001. EB = early blind; SC = sighted controls; V = voices; O = objects; SV = scrambled voices; SO = scrambled objects; L = left; R = right; G = gyrus; S = sulcus; OTC = occipitotemporal cortex. For each region significant in the between-group contrasts (left-hand table), corresponding coordinates significant in the main effect in the blind are listed in the right-hand table. None of these regions were activated in the sighted group, indicating that the between-group effects (blind > sighted) are driven by these regions being responsive only in the blind group. Two regions (underlined in the left-hand table) showed selective deactivation in the sighted group, thus contributing to the between-group effects observed in the R inferior OTC [34 −68 4] (z = 3.21) and in the L middle occipital G [−24 −84 6] (z = 3.25). Coordinates used for SVC are as follows (in MNI space): R middle occipital G: [44 −74 8] (Gougoux et al., 2009). Regions listed showing specific responses to objects (relative to both scrambled objects and voices) in blind compared with sighted are depicted in Figure 4A.