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Table 4.

All Bivariate Correlations (Spearman's Rho) between Network Coherence Indices and L2 Outcome Variables

Network Coherence	L2 Learning Rate	Posttest Scores	Speech Attempts	Correct Speech
Within Medial Frontal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	−.026 (41)	−.019 (41)	−.064 (41)	−.271 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.032 (41)	.001 (41)	−.100 (41)	−.103 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.107 (41)	.010 (41)	−.044 (41)	−.166 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.108 (41)	−.005 (41)	−.145 (41)	−.236 (41)
All	−.035 (41)	.021 (41)	−.083 (41)	−.236 (41)

Within Left Frontotemporal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.213 (41)	.242 (41)	−.122 (41)	−.196 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.078 (41)	.091 (41)	−.180 (41)	−.076 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.046 (41)	.003 (41)	−.243 (41)	−.145 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.033 (41)	−.154 (41)	−.492 (41)**	−.284 (41)
All	.066 (41)	.094 (41)	−.230 (41)	−.142 (41)

Within Left Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	−.238 (38)	.008 (38)	.229 (38)	.159 (38)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.354 (38)*	−.070 (38)	.455 (38)**	.251 (38)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.363 (38)*	−.061 (38)	.342 (38)*	.090 (38)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.188 (38)	.103 (38)	−.066 (38)	.001 (38)
All	−.388 (38)*	−.107 (38)	.327 (38)*	.120 (38)

Within Right Frontotemporal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.458 (41)**	.542 (41)**	−.003 (41)	.098 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.380 (41)*	.504 (41)**	−.092 (41)	.113 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.261 (41)	.398 (41)**	−.049 (41)	.125 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	.248 (41)	.261 (41)	−.240 (41)	−.137 (41)
All	.348 (41)*	.484 (41)**	−.066 (41)	.114 (41)

Within Right Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.034 (37)	.123 (37)	.019 (37)	.206 (37)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.155 (37)	.272 (37)	.269 (37)	.097 (37)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.132 (37)	.287 (37)	−.062 (37)	.031 (37)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	.131 (37)	.261 (37)	−.314 (37)	−.046 (37)
All	.153 (37)	.298 (37)	−.087 (37)	.037 (37)

Left Frontotemporal to Right Frontotemporal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.063 (41)	.117 (41)	−.018 (41)	.064 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.029 (41)	.081 (41)	−.119 (41)	.089 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.005 (41)	.139 (41)	−.083 (41)	−.034 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.046 (41)	.144 (41)	−.302 (41)	−.088 (41)
All	.026 (41)	.182 (41)	−.102 (41)	.048 (41)

Left Posterior to Right Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	−.091 (41)	−.082 (41)	−.090 (41)	−.078 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.154 (41)	−.074 (41)	.162 (41)	.064 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.128 (41)	−.033 (41)	.035 (41)	−.185 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.129 (41)	.023 (41)	−.116 (41)	−.202 (41)
All	−.108 (41)	−.022 (41)	−.008 (41)	−.126 (41)

Left Frontotemporal to Medial Frontal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.046 (41)	.076 (41)	−.011 (41)	−.041 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.074 (41)	.010 (41)	−.140 (41)	.077 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.130 (41)	.011 (41)	−.167 (41)	−.107 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.150 (41)	−.014 (41)	−.271 (41)	−.237 (41)
All	−.050 (41)	.017 (41)	−.181 (41)	−.095 (41)

Right Frontotemporal to Medial Frontal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.231 (41)	.345 (41)*	−.149 (41)	−.061 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.057 (41)	.264 (41)	−.172 (41)	.079 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.090 (41)	.253 (41)	−.230 (41)	−.088 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	.084 (41)	.286 (41)	−.163 (41)	.073 (41)
All	.073 (41)	.262 (41)	−.219 (41)	−.077 (41)

Left Frontotemporal to Left Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	−.040 (41)	−.072 (41)	.041 (41)	.122 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.183 (41)	−.016 (41)	.086 (41)	.124 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.230 (41)	−.104 (41)	.037 (41)	−.016 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.195 (41)	−.155 (41)	−.128 (41)	−.098 (41)
All	−.220 (41)	−.096 (41)	.076 (41)	.089 (41)

Right Frontotemporal to Right Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.263 (41)	.384 (41)*	.069 (41)	.290 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.292 (41)	.386 (41)*	−.059 (41)	.273 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.077 (41)	.278 (41)	.074 (41)	.342 (41)*
gamma (30–40 Hz)	.051 (41)	.170 (41)	−.117 (41)	.133 (41)
All	.187 (41)	.374 (41)*	.013 (41)	.320 (41)*

Network Coherence	L2 Learning Rate	Posttest Scores	Speech Attempts	Correct Speech
Within Medial Frontal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	−.026 (41)	−.019 (41)	−.064 (41)	−.271 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.032 (41)	.001 (41)	−.100 (41)	−.103 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.107 (41)	.010 (41)	−.044 (41)	−.166 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.108 (41)	−.005 (41)	−.145 (41)	−.236 (41)
All	−.035 (41)	.021 (41)	−.083 (41)	−.236 (41)

Within Left Frontotemporal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.213 (41)	.242 (41)	−.122 (41)	−.196 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.078 (41)	.091 (41)	−.180 (41)	−.076 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.046 (41)	.003 (41)	−.243 (41)	−.145 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.033 (41)	−.154 (41)	−.492 (41)**	−.284 (41)
All	.066 (41)	.094 (41)	−.230 (41)	−.142 (41)

Within Left Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	−.238 (38)	.008 (38)	.229 (38)	.159 (38)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.354 (38)*	−.070 (38)	.455 (38)**	.251 (38)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.363 (38)*	−.061 (38)	.342 (38)*	.090 (38)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.188 (38)	.103 (38)	−.066 (38)	.001 (38)
All	−.388 (38)*	−.107 (38)	.327 (38)*	.120 (38)

Within Right Frontotemporal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.458 (41)**	.542 (41)**	−.003 (41)	.098 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.380 (41)*	.504 (41)**	−.092 (41)	.113 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.261 (41)	.398 (41)**	−.049 (41)	.125 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	.248 (41)	.261 (41)	−.240 (41)	−.137 (41)
All	.348 (41)*	.484 (41)**	−.066 (41)	.114 (41)

Within Right Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.034 (37)	.123 (37)	.019 (37)	.206 (37)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.155 (37)	.272 (37)	.269 (37)	.097 (37)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.132 (37)	.287 (37)	−.062 (37)	.031 (37)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	.131 (37)	.261 (37)	−.314 (37)	−.046 (37)
All	.153 (37)	.298 (37)	−.087 (37)	.037 (37)

Left Frontotemporal to Right Frontotemporal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.063 (41)	.117 (41)	−.018 (41)	.064 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.029 (41)	.081 (41)	−.119 (41)	.089 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.005 (41)	.139 (41)	−.083 (41)	−.034 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.046 (41)	.144 (41)	−.302 (41)	−.088 (41)
All	.026 (41)	.182 (41)	−.102 (41)	.048 (41)

Left Posterior to Right Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	−.091 (41)	−.082 (41)	−.090 (41)	−.078 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.154 (41)	−.074 (41)	.162 (41)	.064 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.128 (41)	−.033 (41)	.035 (41)	−.185 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.129 (41)	.023 (41)	−.116 (41)	−.202 (41)
All	−.108 (41)	−.022 (41)	−.008 (41)	−.126 (41)

Left Frontotemporal to Medial Frontal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.046 (41)	.076 (41)	−.011 (41)	−.041 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.074 (41)	.010 (41)	−.140 (41)	.077 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.130 (41)	.011 (41)	−.167 (41)	−.107 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.150 (41)	−.014 (41)	−.271 (41)	−.237 (41)
All	−.050 (41)	.017 (41)	−.181 (41)	−.095 (41)

Right Frontotemporal to Medial Frontal
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.231 (41)	.345 (41)*	−.149 (41)	−.061 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.057 (41)	.264 (41)	−.172 (41)	.079 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.090 (41)	.253 (41)	−.230 (41)	−.088 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	.084 (41)	.286 (41)	−.163 (41)	.073 (41)
All	.073 (41)	.262 (41)	−.219 (41)	−.077 (41)

Left Frontotemporal to Left Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	−.040 (41)	−.072 (41)	.041 (41)	.122 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	−.183 (41)	−.016 (41)	.086 (41)	.124 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	−.230 (41)	−.104 (41)	.037 (41)	−.016 (41)
gamma (30–40 Hz)	−.195 (41)	−.155 (41)	−.128 (41)	−.098 (41)
All	−.220 (41)	−.096 (41)	.076 (41)	.089 (41)

Right Frontotemporal to Right Posterior
theta (4–7.5 Hz)	.263 (41)	.384 (41)*	.069 (41)	.290 (41)
alpha (8–12.5 Hz)	.292 (41)	.386 (41)*	−.059 (41)	.273 (41)
beta (13–29.5 Hz)	.077 (41)	.278 (41)	.074 (41)	.342 (41)*
gamma (30–40 Hz)	.051 (41)	.170 (41)	−.117 (41)	.133 (41)
All	.187 (41)	.374 (41)*	.013 (41)	.320 (41)*

ns are in parentheses.

p < .05.

p < .01.

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