Target-language adaptation. Adapting NB with data from the target language background and other language backgrounds. Results are presented by first-language background where languages are ordered by the amount of target error data available. Bold is used to indicate results where target-language adaptation is better than other-language adaptation.
| Language (number of errors) . | F1 . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native-trained . | Adapted (other langs.) . | Adapted (target lang.) . | Adapted (other+target) . | |
| Articles | ||||
| Russian (440) | 37.72 | 39.59 | 40.14 | 39.47 |
| Polish (397) | 40.93 | 43.33 | 43.43 | 43.22 |
| Korean (374) | 38.96 | 40.97 | 41.37 | 41.34 |
| Turkish (355) | 39.12 | 40.94 | 40.67 | 40.71 |
| Spanish (339) | 23.58 | 24.52 | 25.31 | 24.82 |
| Japanese (331) | 39.82 | 42.82 | 42.80 | 42.74 |
| French(328) | 26.86 | 27.18 | 27.70 | 27.56 |
| Thai (277) | 34.92 | 35.80 | 35.79 | 35.79 |
| Chinese (273) | 30.34 | 32.51 | 32.27 | 32.13 |
| Greek (212) | 29.89 | 31.84 | 33.53 | 32.51 |
| Italian (178) | 28.56 | 30.42 | 31.13 | 30.86 |
| Prepositions | ||||
| Spanish (588) | 23.88 | 26.44 | 28.07 | 27.65 |
| French (390) | 19.85 | 20.95 | 23.35 | 21.08 |
| Greek (244) | 27.63 | 30.27 | 32.03 | 31.43 |
| Russian (229) | 17.16 | 20.81 | 22.92 | 20.85 |
| Chinese (224) | 23.11 | 25.36 | 24.77 | 24.88 |
| Korean (215) | 19.17 | 22.83 | 20.70 | 23.17 |
| Turkish (213) | 18.41 | 23.33 | 21.20 | 22.94 |
| Italian (181) | 22.97 | 22.50 | 26.26 | 23.64 |
| Japanese (177) | 16.13 | 17.99 | 16.66 | 18.32 |
| Polish (174) | 24.25 | 25.86 | 24.42 | 24.52 |
| Thai (170) | 18.12 | 18.87 | 17.23 | 19.64 |
| Verb agreement | ||||
| French (92) | 38.99 | 38.79 | 42.33 | 39.97 |
| Spanish (80) | 36.59 | 39.74 | 40.56 | 39.46 |
| Thai (58) | 27.84 | 27.79 | 28.08 | 29.99 |
| Chinese (54) | 43.39 | 44.71 | 47.78 | 43.71 |
| Polish (45) | 49.00 | 52.51 | 54.71 | 53.18 |
| Japanese (43) | 34.23 | 33.35 | 38.48 | 31.92 |
| Greek (34) | 28.06 | 31.54 | 30.35 | 30.14 |
| Korean (29) | 33.51 | 36.57 | 32.63 | 37.12 |
| Turkish (24) | 36.90 | 41.00 | 39.29 | 40.93 |
| Russian (22) | 27.03 | 31.54 | 30.65 | 29.70 |
| Italian (17) | 21.34 | 25.87 | 24.41 | 26.30 |
| Language (number of errors) . | F1 . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native-trained . | Adapted (other langs.) . | Adapted (target lang.) . | Adapted (other+target) . | |
| Articles | ||||
| Russian (440) | 37.72 | 39.59 | 40.14 | 39.47 |
| Polish (397) | 40.93 | 43.33 | 43.43 | 43.22 |
| Korean (374) | 38.96 | 40.97 | 41.37 | 41.34 |
| Turkish (355) | 39.12 | 40.94 | 40.67 | 40.71 |
| Spanish (339) | 23.58 | 24.52 | 25.31 | 24.82 |
| Japanese (331) | 39.82 | 42.82 | 42.80 | 42.74 |
| French(328) | 26.86 | 27.18 | 27.70 | 27.56 |
| Thai (277) | 34.92 | 35.80 | 35.79 | 35.79 |
| Chinese (273) | 30.34 | 32.51 | 32.27 | 32.13 |
| Greek (212) | 29.89 | 31.84 | 33.53 | 32.51 |
| Italian (178) | 28.56 | 30.42 | 31.13 | 30.86 |
| Prepositions | ||||
| Spanish (588) | 23.88 | 26.44 | 28.07 | 27.65 |
| French (390) | 19.85 | 20.95 | 23.35 | 21.08 |
| Greek (244) | 27.63 | 30.27 | 32.03 | 31.43 |
| Russian (229) | 17.16 | 20.81 | 22.92 | 20.85 |
| Chinese (224) | 23.11 | 25.36 | 24.77 | 24.88 |
| Korean (215) | 19.17 | 22.83 | 20.70 | 23.17 |
| Turkish (213) | 18.41 | 23.33 | 21.20 | 22.94 |
| Italian (181) | 22.97 | 22.50 | 26.26 | 23.64 |
| Japanese (177) | 16.13 | 17.99 | 16.66 | 18.32 |
| Polish (174) | 24.25 | 25.86 | 24.42 | 24.52 |
| Thai (170) | 18.12 | 18.87 | 17.23 | 19.64 |
| Verb agreement | ||||
| French (92) | 38.99 | 38.79 | 42.33 | 39.97 |
| Spanish (80) | 36.59 | 39.74 | 40.56 | 39.46 |
| Thai (58) | 27.84 | 27.79 | 28.08 | 29.99 |
| Chinese (54) | 43.39 | 44.71 | 47.78 | 43.71 |
| Polish (45) | 49.00 | 52.51 | 54.71 | 53.18 |
| Japanese (43) | 34.23 | 33.35 | 38.48 | 31.92 |
| Greek (34) | 28.06 | 31.54 | 30.35 | 30.14 |
| Korean (29) | 33.51 | 36.57 | 32.63 | 37.12 |
| Turkish (24) | 36.90 | 41.00 | 39.29 | 40.93 |
| Russian (22) | 27.03 | 31.54 | 30.65 | 29.70 |
| Italian (17) | 21.34 | 25.87 | 24.41 | 26.30 |