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Table 7 
Summary of sentence-level text simplification approaches: SMT-based (first section), grammar-based (second section), semantics-assisted (third section), and neural sequence-to-sequence (fourth section). The transformations listed are the ones the authors acknowledge that their models can perform. Transformations with * are found in some of the outputs, but not explicitly modeled by the authors.
ModelApproachTransformations
Specia (2010) PBSMT (Moses) sub, reord 
Coster and Kauchak (2011b) PBSMT (Moses) sub, reord 
Coster and Kauchak (2011a) PBSMT (Moses) + Deletion sub, del, reord 
Wubben, van den Bosch, and Krahmer (2012) PBSMT (Moses) + Dissimilarity Ranking sub 
Zhu, Bernhard, and Gurevych (2010) SBSMT sub, del, reord, split 
Bach et al. (2011) SBSMT split 
Xu et al. (2016) SBSMT (Joshua) + SPPDB + SARI Optimization sub, reord 
 
Woodsend and Lapata (2011a) QG + ILP sub, del, reord, split 
Paetzold and Specia (2013) STSGs + Perplexity Ranking sub, del, reord, split
Feblowitz and Kauchak (2013) STSGs Backoff + Log-linear Reranking sub, del, reord, split
 
Narayan and Gardent (2014) Deep Semantics (Boxer) + PBSMT sub, del, reord, split 
Narayan and Gardent (2016) Lexical Simp. + Deep Semantics (Boxer) + ILP sub, del, split 
Štajner and Glavaš (2017) Event Detection for Splitting + Unsupervised Lexical Simplification sub, del, split 
Narayan et al. (2017) Semantics-aidedSplitting+NTM sub, reord, split 
 
Nisioi et al. (2017) Seq2Seq (RNN) + PPDB + SARI sub, del, reord 
Zhang and Lapata (2017) Seq2Seq (RNN) + RL sub, del, reord 
Vu et al. (2018) Seq2Seq (RNN) with NSE sub, del, reord 
Guo, Pasunuru, and Bansal (2018) Seq2Seq (RNN) + MTL sub, del, reord 
Zhao et al. (2018) Seq2Seq (Transformer) + SPPDB sub, del, reord 
Alva-Manchego et al. (2017) Sequence Labeling sub, del 
ModelApproachTransformations
Specia (2010) PBSMT (Moses) sub, reord 
Coster and Kauchak (2011b) PBSMT (Moses) sub, reord 
Coster and Kauchak (2011a) PBSMT (Moses) + Deletion sub, del, reord 
Wubben, van den Bosch, and Krahmer (2012) PBSMT (Moses) + Dissimilarity Ranking sub 
Zhu, Bernhard, and Gurevych (2010) SBSMT sub, del, reord, split 
Bach et al. (2011) SBSMT split 
Xu et al. (2016) SBSMT (Joshua) + SPPDB + SARI Optimization sub, reord 
 
Woodsend and Lapata (2011a) QG + ILP sub, del, reord, split 
Paetzold and Specia (2013) STSGs + Perplexity Ranking sub, del, reord, split
Feblowitz and Kauchak (2013) STSGs Backoff + Log-linear Reranking sub, del, reord, split
 
Narayan and Gardent (2014) Deep Semantics (Boxer) + PBSMT sub, del, reord, split 
Narayan and Gardent (2016) Lexical Simp. + Deep Semantics (Boxer) + ILP sub, del, split 
Štajner and Glavaš (2017) Event Detection for Splitting + Unsupervised Lexical Simplification sub, del, split 
Narayan et al. (2017) Semantics-aidedSplitting+NTM sub, reord, split 
 
Nisioi et al. (2017) Seq2Seq (RNN) + PPDB + SARI sub, del, reord 
Zhang and Lapata (2017) Seq2Seq (RNN) + RL sub, del, reord 
Vu et al. (2018) Seq2Seq (RNN) with NSE sub, del, reord 
Guo, Pasunuru, and Bansal (2018) Seq2Seq (RNN) + MTL sub, del, reord 
Zhao et al. (2018) Seq2Seq (Transformer) + SPPDB sub, del, reord 
Alva-Manchego et al. (2017) Sequence Labeling sub, del 
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