Table 5. 
Percentage of the average cross-border closeness within the EU that is lost by excluding the United States or the individual EU countries from the coinventor network on the gravity null model. The results are reported as differences with respect to the real coinventor network
Country1980–19891990–19992000–20092010–2014
Austria +0.4191 +0.6404 +0.5965 +0.8478 
Belgium +0.1100 +0.2641 +0.2400 +0.4878 
Denmark +0.0951 +0.3354 +0.4880 +0.5462 
Finland +0.4314 +0.7692 +0.9484 +0.8673 
France +5.4822 +4.9078 +3.9589 +5.1109 
Germany +16.7832 +17.8759 +16.2197 +15.9801 
Greece +0.0130 +0.0341 +0.0036 +0.0140 
Ireland +0.0042 +0.0379 +0.1101 +0.1464 
Italy +2.0169 +2.4311 +2.3147 +1.8654 
Luxembourg +0.0022 −0.0179 +0.1055 +0.2347 
Netherlands +4.3309 +4.5983 +5.9839 +5.1791 
Portugal −0.0087 +0.0063 −0.0167 −0.0204 
Spain +0.1805 +0.1970 +0.0560 +0.1986 
Sweden +1.4089 +1.4092 +1.5709 +1.5873 
UK +3.0774 +2.2613 +1.1042 +0.9792 
USA −3.4335 −3.1522 −2.4052 −2.0788 
Country1980–19891990–19992000–20092010–2014
Austria +0.4191 +0.6404 +0.5965 +0.8478 
Belgium +0.1100 +0.2641 +0.2400 +0.4878 
Denmark +0.0951 +0.3354 +0.4880 +0.5462 
Finland +0.4314 +0.7692 +0.9484 +0.8673 
France +5.4822 +4.9078 +3.9589 +5.1109 
Germany +16.7832 +17.8759 +16.2197 +15.9801 
Greece +0.0130 +0.0341 +0.0036 +0.0140 
Ireland +0.0042 +0.0379 +0.1101 +0.1464 
Italy +2.0169 +2.4311 +2.3147 +1.8654 
Luxembourg +0.0022 −0.0179 +0.1055 +0.2347 
Netherlands +4.3309 +4.5983 +5.9839 +5.1791 
Portugal −0.0087 +0.0063 −0.0167 −0.0204 
Spain +0.1805 +0.1970 +0.0560 +0.1986 
Sweden +1.4089 +1.4092 +1.5709 +1.5873 
UK +3.0774 +2.2613 +1.1042 +0.9792 
USA −3.4335 −3.1522 −2.4052 −2.0788 
View Large
Close Modal
This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal
This site uses cookies. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our privacy policy. No content on this site may be used to train artificial intelligence systems without permission in writing from the MIT Press.
Accept