Table 7. 
Percentage of the average cross-border closeness within the EU that is lost by excluding the United States from the coinventor network on the null models, expressed as difference with respect to the values observed on the real network. The double asterisks (**) indicate that all the differences are statistically significant at p < 0.01
 US-INTUS-INT-STREU-USEU-US-STR
1980–1989 −0.4737** −0.0065** −3.2818** −0.3502** 
1990–1999 −0.4150** −0.0034** −2.8326** −0.7904** 
2000–2009 −0.1736** −0.0201** −1.9164** −0.8137** 
2010–2014 −0.2280** −0.0219** −2.4482** −0.8394** 
 US-INTUS-INT-STREU-USEU-US-STR
1980–1989 −0.4737** −0.0065** −3.2818** −0.3502** 
1990–1999 −0.4150** −0.0034** −2.8326** −0.7904** 
2000–2009 −0.1736** −0.0201** −1.9164** −0.8137** 
2010–2014 −0.2280** −0.0219** −2.4482** −0.8394** 
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