Table 8. 
Percentage of the average cross-border closeness that is lost by excluding the 10 EU and 10 U.S. (italicized) main hubs from the coinventor network (closenesses between pairs of nodes including a node in the same country of the hub not considered in the computation)
RegionIntegration capabilityRegionIntegration capability
(a) 1980–1989 (b) 1990–1999 
Aachen 0.6701 Rockville, MD 0.3738 
Berlin 0.5640 Cambridge, MA 0.3360 
Munich 0.4052 Munich 0.3272 
Biberach 0.3431 San Diego, CA 0.3133 
Wuppertal 0.3106 Paris 0.3038 
Houston, TX 0.3037 Cincinnati, OH 0.2872 
San Jose, CA 0.2956 San Jose, CA 0.2758 
Milan 0.2743 Berlin 0.2753 
Stockholm 0.2620 Rotterdam 0.2691 
Mettmann 0.2542 Bad Homburg 0.2436 
Vienna 0.2295 Stockholm 0.2364 
Paris 0.2191 Hamilton, OH 0.2287 
Cambridge, MA 0.2152 Helsinki 0.2221 
Oakland, CA 0.1549 Norristown, PA 0.2211 
San Mateo, CA 0.1545 Houston, TX 0.2163 
San Diego, CA 0.1427 Milan 0.2095 
Chicago, IL 0.1337 Cambridge 0.2047 
Elizabeth, NJ 0.1256 Nanterre 0.2036 
San Francisco, CA 0.1245 Raleigh, NC 0.1516 
White Plains, NY 0.1159 San Mateo, CA 0.1424 
  
(c) 2000–2009 (d) 2010–2014 
Cambridge, MA 0.4612 Cambridge, MA 0.4432 
Munich 0.4480 San Jose, CA 0.4220 
San Jose, CA 0.3727 Munich 0.3957 
Berlin 0.3527 Aachen 0.3648 
Helsinki 0.3179 Helsinki 0.3193 
San Diego, CA 0.3155 Stockholm 0.3090 
Aachen 0.31316 Frankfurt 0.2980 
Stockholm 0.3023 Berlin 0.2919 
Madrid 0.2828 San Diego, CA 0.2805 
Houston, TX 0.2375 Malmo 0.2765 
Paris 0.2332 Barcelona 0.2658 
Brussels 0.2219 Lyon 0.2648 
Barcelona 0.2187 Houston, TX 0.2636 
Lyon 0.2167 San Mateo, CA 0.2432 
San Mateo, CA 0.2159 Paris 0.2326 
Oakland, CA 0.1735 Oakland, CA 0.1832 
Cincinnati, OH 0.1597 Raleigh, NC 0.1713 
Norristown, PA 0.1573 Midland, OH 0.1696 
Raleigh, NC 0.1572 Cincinnati, OH 0.1528 
Chicago, IL 0.1371 Norristown, NJ 0.1228 
RegionIntegration capabilityRegionIntegration capability
(a) 1980–1989 (b) 1990–1999 
Aachen 0.6701 Rockville, MD 0.3738 
Berlin 0.5640 Cambridge, MA 0.3360 
Munich 0.4052 Munich 0.3272 
Biberach 0.3431 San Diego, CA 0.3133 
Wuppertal 0.3106 Paris 0.3038 
Houston, TX 0.3037 Cincinnati, OH 0.2872 
San Jose, CA 0.2956 San Jose, CA 0.2758 
Milan 0.2743 Berlin 0.2753 
Stockholm 0.2620 Rotterdam 0.2691 
Mettmann 0.2542 Bad Homburg 0.2436 
Vienna 0.2295 Stockholm 0.2364 
Paris 0.2191 Hamilton, OH 0.2287 
Cambridge, MA 0.2152 Helsinki 0.2221 
Oakland, CA 0.1549 Norristown, PA 0.2211 
San Mateo, CA 0.1545 Houston, TX 0.2163 
San Diego, CA 0.1427 Milan 0.2095 
Chicago, IL 0.1337 Cambridge 0.2047 
Elizabeth, NJ 0.1256 Nanterre 0.2036 
San Francisco, CA 0.1245 Raleigh, NC 0.1516 
White Plains, NY 0.1159 San Mateo, CA 0.1424 
  
(c) 2000–2009 (d) 2010–2014 
Cambridge, MA 0.4612 Cambridge, MA 0.4432 
Munich 0.4480 San Jose, CA 0.4220 
San Jose, CA 0.3727 Munich 0.3957 
Berlin 0.3527 Aachen 0.3648 
Helsinki 0.3179 Helsinki 0.3193 
San Diego, CA 0.3155 Stockholm 0.3090 
Aachen 0.31316 Frankfurt 0.2980 
Stockholm 0.3023 Berlin 0.2919 
Madrid 0.2828 San Diego, CA 0.2805 
Houston, TX 0.2375 Malmo 0.2765 
Paris 0.2332 Barcelona 0.2658 
Brussels 0.2219 Lyon 0.2648 
Barcelona 0.2187 Houston, TX 0.2636 
Lyon 0.2167 San Mateo, CA 0.2432 
San Mateo, CA 0.2159 Paris 0.2326 
Oakland, CA 0.1735 Oakland, CA 0.1832 
Cincinnati, OH 0.1597 Raleigh, NC 0.1713 
Norristown, PA 0.1573 Midland, OH 0.1696 
Raleigh, NC 0.1572 Cincinnati, OH 0.1528 
Chicago, IL 0.1371 Norristown, NJ 0.1228 
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