MIT Press

Table 1.

Determinants of Serfdom

	Serfs $%$ (1858)				Types of Serfs: Share
	All Districts			LiTS Districts	Quit-rent	Corvée	Household
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
Latitude	−0.100	−3.236	−1.333	3.526	1.084	−1.798	−0.783
	(0.648)	(2.026)	(1.967)	(3.448)	(3.627)	(3.057)	(2.978)
Longitude	−0.652^**	−1.299^*	−1.364^**	−0.642	−0.390	−0.225	0.655
	(0.322)	(0.672)	(0.659)	(0.910)	(0.824)	(0.872)	(0.471)
Distance to Moscow	−3.724^***	−3.360^***	−2.887^**	−2.772	−1.485	−0.452	1.848
	(0.849)	(0.844)	(1.147)	(2.558)	(2.156)	(2.241)	(1.152)
Cereal Suitability	4.471^**	3.940^**	2.267^*	4.005^*	−4.628^*	3.254	1.975
	(1.725)	(1.955)	(1.166)	(2.242)	(2.400)	(2.188)	(1.181)
Distance to Coast		2.203^**	1.735	0.749	2.595	−1.880	−0.816
		(0.955)	(1.218)	(1.819)	(1.780)	(2.448)	(2.125)
Distance City in 1600		12.718	7.397	−8.723	−20.344	−10.379	9.727
		(13.986)	(13.063)	(18.656)	(15.759)	(25.314)	(20.260)
Distance Provincial Capital		1.005	−0.092	0.983	0.008	0.026	−1.050
		(1.460)	(1.217)	(1.599)	(1.609)	(1.159)	(0.973)
Additional geography		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Fixed effects			Province	Province	Province	Province	Province
$R^{2}$	0.37	0.46	0.71	0.78	0.72	0.80	0.38
Observations	490	490	490	185	472	472	490
Number of clusters	50	50	50	45	49	49	50
$F$ -statistic joint significance	21.94	9.72	2.27	2.19	1.58	2.19	1.83
$p$ -value joint significance	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.03	0.13	0.02	0.06

	Serfs $%$ (1858)				Types of Serfs: Share
	All Districts			LiTS Districts	Quit-rent	Corvée	Household
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
Latitude	−0.100	−3.236	−1.333	3.526	1.084	−1.798	−0.783
	(0.648)	(2.026)	(1.967)	(3.448)	(3.627)	(3.057)	(2.978)
Longitude	−0.652^**	−1.299^*	−1.364^**	−0.642	−0.390	−0.225	0.655
	(0.322)	(0.672)	(0.659)	(0.910)	(0.824)	(0.872)	(0.471)
Distance to Moscow	−3.724^***	−3.360^***	−2.887^**	−2.772	−1.485	−0.452	1.848
	(0.849)	(0.844)	(1.147)	(2.558)	(2.156)	(2.241)	(1.152)
Cereal Suitability	4.471^**	3.940^**	2.267^*	4.005^*	−4.628^*	3.254	1.975
	(1.725)	(1.955)	(1.166)	(2.242)	(2.400)	(2.188)	(1.181)
Distance to Coast		2.203^**	1.735	0.749	2.595	−1.880	−0.816
		(0.955)	(1.218)	(1.819)	(1.780)	(2.448)	(2.125)
Distance City in 1600		12.718	7.397	−8.723	−20.344	−10.379	9.727
		(13.986)	(13.063)	(18.656)	(15.759)	(25.314)	(20.260)
Distance Provincial Capital		1.005	−0.092	0.983	0.008	0.026	−1.050
		(1.460)	(1.217)	(1.599)	(1.609)	(1.159)	(0.973)
Additional geography		✓	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
Fixed effects			Province	Province	Province	Province	Province
$R^{2}$	0.37	0.46	0.71	0.78	0.72	0.80	0.38
Observations	490	490	490	185	472	472	490
Number of clusters	50	50	50	45	49	49	50
$F$ -statistic joint significance	21.94	9.72	2.27	2.19	1.58	2.19	1.83
$p$ -value joint significance	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.03	0.13	0.02	0.06

The unit of observation is the district. The dependent variable in columns 1 to 4 is the share of serfs in a district population, c. 1858. For columns 5 to 7, the dependent variable is the share of such serfs in the total number of serfs. Additional geographic controls are forest cover, ruggedness, river density, mean temperature, mean precipitation, and the share of podzol soils. Heteroskedastic-robust standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the province. $^{*}$ $p < 0.10$ ⁠, ^** $p < 0.05$ ⁠, and ^*** $p < 0.01$ ⁠.

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