Table 5.
The Impact of Election Proximity Republicans Voting on Environmental Regulations: Retiring Senators
Vote$ijvt$
Dependent Variable(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
Senate3$it$$×$ Not Retiring$it$ 0.026*** 0.026** 0.026** 0.024** 0.028*** 0.028*** 0.028***
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Senate3$it$$×$ Retiring$it$ −0.027 −0.024 −0.021 0.006 −0.006 −0.005 −0.004
(0.025) (0.025) (0.024) (0.047) (0.023) (0.023) (0.023)
Senate12$it$$×$ Retiring$it$ −0.024 −0.023 −0.024 0.012 −0.017 −0.017 −0.018
(0.020) (0.020) (0.019) (0.037) (0.018) (0.018) (0.018)
State controls no yes yes yes no yes yes
Year dummies yes yes no yes yes yes no
State dummies yes yes yes yes no no no
Vote dummies no no yes no no no yes
State $×$ Year dummies no no no yes no no no
Senator dummies no no no no yes yes yes
Observations 17,514 17,514 17,514 17,514 17,514 17,514 17,514
$R2$ 0.258 0.260 0.396 0.353 0.039 0.039 0.223
Test Senate3$it$$×$ Retiring$it$$=$ 0.875 0.986 0.864 0.763 0.504 0.477 0.400
Senate12$it$$×$ Retiring$it$ ($p$-value)
Vote$ijvt$
Dependent Variable(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)
Senate3$it$$×$ Not Retiring$it$ 0.026*** 0.026** 0.026** 0.024** 0.028*** 0.028*** 0.028***
(0.010) (0.010) (0.010) (0.012) (0.009) (0.009) (0.009)
Senate3$it$$×$ Retiring$it$ −0.027 −0.024 −0.021 0.006 −0.006 −0.005 −0.004
(0.025) (0.025) (0.024) (0.047) (0.023) (0.023) (0.023)
Senate12$it$$×$ Retiring$it$ −0.024 −0.023 −0.024 0.012 −0.017 −0.017 −0.018
(0.020) (0.020) (0.019) (0.037) (0.018) (0.018) (0.018)
State controls no yes yes yes no yes yes
Year dummies yes yes no yes yes yes no
State dummies yes yes yes yes no no no
Vote dummies no no yes no no no yes
State $×$ Year dummies no no no yes no no no
Senator dummies no no no no yes yes yes
Observations 17,514 17,514 17,514 17,514 17,514 17,514 17,514
$R2$ 0.258 0.260 0.396 0.353 0.039 0.039 0.223
Test Senate3$it$$×$ Retiring$it$$=$ 0.875 0.986 0.864 0.763 0.504 0.477 0.400
Senate12$it$$×$ Retiring$it$ ($p$-value)

The table reports coefficients of a linear probability model. Robust standard errors in parentheses, adjusted for clustering at the state level in columns 1–4 and senator level in columns 5–7. The dependent variable Vote$ijvt$ is coded as 1 when senator $i$ from state $j$ voted pro-environment on vote $v$ in year $t$. All specifications include senator controls. The sample covers the period 1971–2012. The last row reports the $p$-value of the test. ***, ** and * indicate statistical significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%.

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