| . | Control Mean . | Treatment — Control Difference (SE) . |
|---|---|---|
| Administrator characteristics | ||
| Proportion male | 0.397 | 0.113 |
| (0.083) | ||
| Years as administrator | 10.302 | −1.076 |
| (1.248) | ||
| Proportion African American | 0.283 | −0.056 |
| (0.067) | ||
| Proportion Hispanic | 0.200 | −0.007 |
| (0.056) | ||
| Proportion white | 0.483 | 0.079 |
| (0.072) | ||
| N (Administrators) | 129 | |
| Fisher Pearson Wald test | p = 0.826 | |
| Teacher characteristics | ||
| Proportion male | 0.234 | −0.023 |
| (0.039) | ||
| Years as teacher | 11.709 | 0.450 |
| (0.697) | ||
| Proportion African American | 0.175 | 0.066 |
| (0.044) | ||
| Proportion Hispanic | 0.144 | −0.013 |
| (0.034) | ||
| Proportion white | 0.593 | −0.023 |
| (0.046) | ||
| N (Teachers) | 426 | |
| Fisher Pearson Wald test | p = 0.697 | |
| Student characteristics | ||
| Proportion male | 0.509 | −0.007 |
| (0.010) | ||
| Proportion FRPL-eligible | 0.590 | 0.035 |
| (0.034) | ||
| Proportion with IEP | 0.110 | 0.006 |
| (0.016) | ||
| Proportion designated LEP | 0.280 | 0.027 |
| (0.021) | ||
| Average prior score: Math | 0.086 | −0.016 |
| (0.073) | ||
| Average prior score: ELA | 0.079 | 0.013 |
| (0.063) | ||
| Proportion African American | 0.164 | 0.005 |
| (0.027) | ||
| Proportion Asian | 0.049 | −0.030** |
| (0.013) | ||
| Proportion Hispanic | 0.401 | 0.016 |
| (0.023) | ||
| Proportion Native American | 0.007 | −0.001 |
| (0.003) | ||
| Proportion Pacific Islander | 0.001 | −0.000 |
| (0.001) | ||
| Proportion white | 0.358 | 0.008 |
| (0.028) | ||
| Proportion Multiple/Other race | 0.020 | 0.003 |
| (0.003) | ||
| N (Students) | 12,759 | 22,950 |
| Fisher Pearson Wald test | p = 0.305 |
| . | Control Mean . | Treatment — Control Difference (SE) . |
|---|---|---|
| Administrator characteristics | ||
| Proportion male | 0.397 | 0.113 |
| (0.083) | ||
| Years as administrator | 10.302 | −1.076 |
| (1.248) | ||
| Proportion African American | 0.283 | −0.056 |
| (0.067) | ||
| Proportion Hispanic | 0.200 | −0.007 |
| (0.056) | ||
| Proportion white | 0.483 | 0.079 |
| (0.072) | ||
| N (Administrators) | 129 | |
| Fisher Pearson Wald test | p = 0.826 | |
| Teacher characteristics | ||
| Proportion male | 0.234 | −0.023 |
| (0.039) | ||
| Years as teacher | 11.709 | 0.450 |
| (0.697) | ||
| Proportion African American | 0.175 | 0.066 |
| (0.044) | ||
| Proportion Hispanic | 0.144 | −0.013 |
| (0.034) | ||
| Proportion white | 0.593 | −0.023 |
| (0.046) | ||
| N (Teachers) | 426 | |
| Fisher Pearson Wald test | p = 0.697 | |
| Student characteristics | ||
| Proportion male | 0.509 | −0.007 |
| (0.010) | ||
| Proportion FRPL-eligible | 0.590 | 0.035 |
| (0.034) | ||
| Proportion with IEP | 0.110 | 0.006 |
| (0.016) | ||
| Proportion designated LEP | 0.280 | 0.027 |
| (0.021) | ||
| Average prior score: Math | 0.086 | −0.016 |
| (0.073) | ||
| Average prior score: ELA | 0.079 | 0.013 |
| (0.063) | ||
| Proportion African American | 0.164 | 0.005 |
| (0.027) | ||
| Proportion Asian | 0.049 | −0.030** |
| (0.013) | ||
| Proportion Hispanic | 0.401 | 0.016 |
| (0.023) | ||
| Proportion Native American | 0.007 | −0.001 |
| (0.003) | ||
| Proportion Pacific Islander | 0.001 | −0.000 |
| (0.001) | ||
| Proportion white | 0.358 | 0.008 |
| (0.028) | ||
| Proportion Multiple/Other race | 0.020 | 0.003 |
| (0.003) | ||
| N (Students) | 12,759 | 22,950 |
| Fisher Pearson Wald test | p = 0.305 |
Notes: The adjusted difference between control and treatment is the result of a regression of the dependent variable against fixed effects for randomization strata and a treatment indicator. Standard errors (SE) are reported in parentheses, and in the teacher and administrator models they allow for clustering within a school. School characteristics are from the 2012—13 school year, as they were the most recent data available at the time of randomization. FRPL = free or reduced-price lunch; IEP = individualized education plan; LEP = limited English proficiency; ELA = English language arts.
**Significant at the 95% level.