MIT Press

The results above highlight shared social norms and institutional trust as crucial determinants of innovation in East Asia. This common finding in the six economies is further disentangled in this section by identifying economy-specific heterogeneity in the effects of social capital. Accordingly, the sample is divided by economy in order to implement within-economy analyses. Table 3 presents the results estimated by OLS. Overall, there is considerable heterogeneity across the six economies in the effects of the different types of social norms and institutional trust.

Table 3.

Decomposition Analysis: The Effects of Social Capital on Individual Attitudes toward Innovation in Each of the Six East Asian Economies (Linear estimation model, World Values Survey 6th Wave, 2010–2014)

Table 3.1 The People's Republic of China and Hong Kong, China
	People's Republic of China						Hong Kong, China
	New	Tech.	Sci. &		Too		New	Tech.	Sci. &		Too
Variables^a	Idea	Dev.	Tech.	Future	Much	World	Idea	Dev.	Tech.	Future	Much	World
Social trust	−0.016	0.021	−0.041	−0.111	−0.317	−0.008	0.050	−0.071	−0.434	−0.500	−0.246	−0.134
	(0.054)	(0.024)	(0.081)	(0.082)	(0.131)^**	(0.070)	(0.063)	(0.032)^**	(0.122)^***	(0.123)^***	(0.126)^*	(0.110)
Personal trust	−0.024	−0.048	0.048	0.123	0.082	0.010	−0.114	0.015	0.164	0.192	0.122	−0.060
	(0.057)	(0.023)^**	(0.082)	(0.082)	(0.129)	(0.067)	(0.076)	(0.036)	(0.135)	(0.129)	(0.144)	(0.116)
Social networks	0.233	0.068	−0.061	−0.399	−0.220	−0.712	0.077	−0.002	−0.038	−0.025	−0.025	−0.157
	(0.132)^*	(0.049)	(0.329)	(0.313)	(0.374)	(0.288)^**	(0.080)	(0.036)	(0.148)	(0.136)	(0.168)	(0.140)
Personal networks	0.172	0.011	−0.223	−0.131	0.239	0.041	0.103	−0.004	−0.070	0.001	−0.176	−0.089
	(0.049)^***	(0.017)	(0.095)^**	(0.095)	(0.121)^*	(0.065)	(0.036)^***	(0.018)	(0.062)	(0.064)	(0.074)^**	(0.061)
Trust in courts	0.134	−0.003	−0.063	−0.015	−0.205	−0.032	0.022	0.054	0.166	0.220	0.023	0.243
	(0.058)^**	(0.020)	(0.090)	(0.087)	(0.135)	(0.072)	(0.061)	(0.030)^*	(0.118)	(0.116)^*	(0.114)	(0.104)^**
Trust in parliaments	−0.041	0.030	0.238	0.275	0.348	0.298	0.067	0.053	−0.107	0.066	−0.195	0.348
	(0.058)	(0.024)	(0.093)^**	(0.091)^***	(0.134)^***	(0.077)^***	(0.056)	(0.026)^**	(0.112)	(0.111)	(0.109)^*	(0.099)^***
Trust in fairness	0.027	0.004	0.123	0.086	−0.061	0.123	0.035	−0.011	0.107	0.107	−0.035	0.153
	(0.017)	(0.006)	(0.029)^***	(0.030)^***	(0.042)	(0.023)^***	(0.022)	(0.009)	(0.043)^**	(0.041)^***	(0.044)	(0.036)^***
Reciprocity	0.298	0.054	0.098	0.122	−0.157	0.150	0.155	0.019	0.043	−0.017	0.062	0.141
	(0.036)^***	(0.017)^***	(0.049)^**	(0.053)^**	(0.077)^**	(0.044)^***	(0.039)^***	(0.016)	(0.067)	(0.066)	(0.075)	(0.063)^**
Growth primacy	0.033	−0.007	−0.170	−0.347	−0.098	−0.040	0.090	0.050	0.059	0.157	−0.056	0.115
	(0.063)	(0.025)	(0.093)^*	(0.097)^***	(0.152)	(0.077)	(0.081)	(0.038)	(0.150)	(0.150)	(0.159)	(0.130)
Competition orientation	0.013	0.031	0.094	0.111	−0.106	0.048	−0.006	0.031	0.114	0.062	−0.104	0.111
	(0.016)	(0.007)^***	(0.025)^***	(0.027)^***	(0.039)^***	(0.020)^**	(0.020)	(0.009)^***	(0.037)^***	(0.035)^*	(0.040)^***	(0.034)^***
Tolerance	−0.023	0.003	0.016	−0.012	0.073	0.002	−0.009	−0.009	0.036	−0.010	0.018	0.026
	(0.014)^*	(0.006)	(0.023)	(0.026)	(0.037)^*	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.008)	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.034)	(0.029)
Acceptance Inequality	0.022	0.004	0.020	−0.002	0.015	0.010	−0.006	0.011	0.095	0.089	−0.066	0.018
	(0.012)^*	(0.004)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.031)	(0.015)	(0.019)	(0.008)	(0.035)^***	(0.033)^***	(0.038)^*	(0.031)
Risk taking	0.334	−0.028	−0.036	−0.060	−0.053	−0.032	0.234	0.020	−0.092	−0.108	−0.068	−0.121
	(0.026)^***	(0.010)^***	(0.040)	(0.042)	(0.061)	(0.031)	(0.031)^***	(0.016)	(0.062)	(0.062)^*	(0.069)	(0.059)^**
Gender (female)	−0.115	−0.065	−0.103	−0.149	−0.357	−0.012	−0.162	−0.020	0.033	0.075	−0.041	0.032
	(0.063)^*	(0.026)^**	(0.091)	(0.099)	(0.149)^**	(0.078)	(0.083)^*	(0.039)	(0.156)	(0.151)	(0.161)	(0.136)
Age	−0.024	−0.005	0.003	0.025	−0.008	−0.014	−0.002	0.002	−0.041	−0.064	0.007	−0.046
	(0.015)	(0.006)	(0.021)	(0.024)	(0.035)	(0.018)	(0.014)	(0.007)	(0.028)	(0.024)^***	(0.030)	(0.024)^**
Age²	0.0001	0.00005	−0.0001	−0.0003	−4.79e–06	0.0001	1.63e–06	0.00003	0.0006	0.0009	−0.0001	0.0006
	(0.0002)	(0.00006)	(0.0002)	(0.0003)	(0.0004)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.0003)^*	(0.0002)^***	(0.0003)	(0.0002)^**
Marital status	0.090	−0.036	0.037	−0.046	−0.079	0.039	0.012	0.004	0.161	0.140	−0.054	0.259
	(0.096)	(0.036)	(0.136)	(0.153)	(0.220)	(0.125)	(0.105)	(0.046)	(0.188)	(0.170)	(0.195)	(0.161)
Income	0.051	−0.023	−0.029	−0.009	−0.021	−0.004	0.038	−0.009	−0.034	0.012	0.052	−0.014
	(0.019)^***	(0.007)^***	(0.030)	(0.031)	(0.045)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.011)	(0.045)	(0.042)	(0.046)	(0.042)
Self-employed	0.142	−0.057	0.113	−0.013	−0.369	−0.068	−0.282	−0.021	−0.094	−0.221	0.396	−0.003
	(0.209)	(0.087)	(0.329)	(0.385)	(0.471)	(0.327)	(0.241)	(0.103)	(0.442)	(0.493)	(0.499)	(0.422)
Unemployment	0.280	−0.019	0.286	0.098	1.400	0.349	−0.060	0.071	−0.095	0.081	−0.144	−0.032
	(0.218)	(0.078)	(0.295)	(0.379)	(0.488)^***	(0.298)	(0.194)	(0.076)	(0.340)	(0.337)	(0.357)	(0.313)
University education	0.134	0.032	0.051	0.084	0.298	−0.025	0.242	−0.099	0.210	0.065	0.425	−0.077
	(0.092)	(0.035)	(0.145)	(0.165)	(0.222)	(0.116)	(0.098)^**	(0.058)^*	(0.176)	(0.185)	(0.184)^**	(0.164)
Observation	1,299	1,282	1,283	1,270	1,164	1,286	890	889	890	890	889	887
(pseudo) R²	0.29	0.07	0.09	0.09	0.06	0.10	0.18	0.09	0.09	0.11	0.05	0.15
Social trust	−0.018	−0.05	−0.053	−0.170	0.230	0.161	0.034	0.001	−0.285	−0.145	−0.090	–0.103
	(0.066)	(0.031)	(0.112)	(0.111)	(0.149)	(0.105)	(0.057)	(0.028)	(0.095)^***	(0.097)	(0.113)	(0.087)
Personal trust	0.027	−0.005	0.042	0.151	−0.304	−0.136	0.007	0.028	0.145	0.093	−0.115	0.038
	(0.078)	(0.037)	(0.130)	(0.123)	(0.176)^*	(0.131)	(0.065)	(0.032)	(0.105)	(0.114)	(0.128)	(0.098)
Social networks	0.154	−0.045	−0.022	−0.157	−0.018	−0.333	0.330	−0.102	−0.143	−0.132	−0.007	–0.283
	(0.120)	(0.068)	(0.206)	(0.188)	(0.286)	(0.213)	(0.086)^***	(0.052)^*	(0.150)	(0.148)	(0.181)	(0.148)^*
Personal networks	0.017	0.031	−0.045	0.008	0.043	0.058	0.056	0.012	−0.005	0.019	0.019	–0.031
	(0.034)	(0.018)^*	(0.060)	(0.059)	(0.082)	(0.054)	(0.032)^*	(0.017)	(0.057)	(0.058)	(0.065)	(0.054)
Trust in courts	0.162	0.050	0.219	0.306	0.120	0.293	0.094	0.102	0.252	0.265	−0.083	0.290
	(0.062)^**	(0.030)^*	(0.108)^**	(0.102)^***	(0.138)	(0.103)^***	(0.056)^*	(0.029)^***	(0.104)^**	(0.104)^**	(0.115)	(0.095)^***
Trust in parliaments	0.005	0.045	0.108	0.083	−0.032	0.296	0.113	−0.036	0.019	−0.083	−0.088	–0.018
	(0.060)	(0.029)	(0.102)	(0.101)	(0.133)	(0.099)^***	(0.052)^**	(0.029)	(0.095)	(0.093)	(0.109)	(0.081)
Trust in fairness	−0.009	−0.008	0.004	−0.026	−0.010	0.052	0.029	−0.009	0.100	0.088	−0.092	0.071
	(0.019)	(0.008)	(0.032)	(0.031)	(0.045)	(0.033)	(0.020)	(0.010)	(0.032)^***	(0.033)^***	(0.039)^**	(0.029)^**
Reciprocity	0.265	−0.012	0.030	0.077	0.060	−0.002	0.109	0.027	0.125	0.109	0.0001	–0.003
	(0.037)^***	(0.016)	(0.055)	(0.053)	(0.076)	(0.055)	(0.033)^***	(0.017)^*	(0.053)^**	(0.054)^**	(0.062)	(0.052)
Growth primacy	−0.027	0.121	0.328	0.387	−0.398	0.310	0.074	0.097	0.461	0.468	−0.113	0.372
	(0.072)	(0.038)^***	(0.121)^***	(0.119)^***	(0.164)^**	(0.121)^**	(0.072)	(0.038)^**	(0.117)^***	(0.122)^***	(0.141)	(0.110)^***
Competition orientation	0.025	0.006	0.078	0.112	−0.045	0.095	0.021	0.046	0.173	0.201	−0.039	0.147
	(0.018)	(0.008)	(0.033)^**	(0.031)^***	(0.042)	(0.034)^***	(0.019)	(0.010)	(0.034)^***	(0.035)^***	(0.039)	(0.031)^***
Tolerance	0.016	−0.008	0.051	0.039	−0.078	0.027	0.012	−0.011	−0.021	−0.011	−0.049	–0.023
	(0.013)	(0.007)	(0.022)^**	(0.022)^*	(0.029)^***	(0.022)	(0.015)	(0.008)	(0.026)	(0.027)	(0.030)	(0.025)
Acceptance inequality	0.014	0.028	0.105	0.058	−0.045	0.105	0.017	0.009	0.115	−0.106	0.041	0.073
	(0.019)	(0.008)^***	(0.032)^***	(0.030)^*	(0.041)	(0.032)^***	(0.016)	(0.008)	(0.030)^***	(0.031)^***	(0.033)	(0.027)^***
Risk taking	0.332	0.010	−0.005	0.062	0.005	0.080	0.335	0.042	0.093	0.087	−0.040	0.141
	(0.039)^***	(0.018)	(0.064)	(0.057)	(0.087)	(0.059)	(0.033)^***	(0.016)^***	(0.052)^*	(0.052)^*	(0.062)	(0.050)^***
Gender (female)	−0.179	−0.086	−0.259	−0.254	0.038	−0.114	−0.140	−0.024	−0.156	−0.111	−0.011	–0.099
	(0.075)^**	(0.038)^**	(0.127)^**	(0.124)^**	(0.170)	(0.121)	(0.074)^*	(0.039)	(0.120)	(0.120)	(0.144)	(0.106)
Age	0.013	0.012	−0.065	−0.042	−0.037	0.018	−0.039	0.005	−0.073	−0.052	−0.042	0.012
	(0.017)	(0.008)	(0.027)^**	(0.026)	(0.035)	(0.025)	(0.017)^**	(0.009)	(0.029)^**	(0.028)^*	(0.033)	(0.028)
Age²	−0.0001	−0.0001	0.0006	0.0005	0.0004	−0.0002	0.0003	−0.0001	0.0007	0.0006	0.0004	–0.0001
	(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.0003)^**	(0.0002)^*	(0.0003)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)^*	(0.0001)	(0.0003)^**	(0.0003)^*	(0.0003)	(0.0003)
Marital status	0.038	0.007	−0.017	0.053	−0.023	−0.085	0.118	0.152	0.647	0.623	0.378	0.419
	(0.088)	(0.045)	(0.150)	(0.152)	(0.200)	(0.145)	(0.099)	(0.056)^***	(0.164)^***	(0.163)^***	(0.186)^**	(0.148)^***
Income	0.003	−0.009	0.012	0.013	−0.054	0.010	−0.019	−0.008	−0.031	−0.052	−0.061	0.036
	(0.013)	(0.007)	(0.024)	(0.023)	(0.030)^*	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.011)	(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.042)	(0.034)
Self-employed	0.118	−0.071	−0.050	0.009	0.760	0.140	0.056	−0.020	−0.074	−0.348	−0.053	–0.065
	(0.110)	(0.056)	(0.208)	(0.181)	(0.284)^***	(0.183)	(0.096)	(0.050)	(0.154)	(0.160)^**	(0.179)	(0.139)
Unemployment	0.343	0.158	0.194	0.208	−0.351	−0.167	0.143	0.004	−0.447	−0.598	−0.104	0.250
	(0.267)	(0.104)	(0.311)	(0.345)	(0.469)	(0.378)	(0.191)	(0.089)	(0.314)	(0.327)^*	(0.360)	(0.260)
University education	0.016	0.018	0.293	0.073	−0.298	0.428	0.207	−0.120	0.117	−0.078	0.083	–0.123
	(0.084)	(0.043)	(0.125)^**	(0.128)	(0.182)	(0.121)^***	(0.086)^**	(0.043)^***	(0.132)	(0.134)	(0.158)	(0.124)
Observation	969	980	945	939	897	935	1,019	1,020	1,015	1,015	1,015	1,014
(pseudo) R²	0.22	0.08	0.08	0.09	0.06	0.12	0.29	0.10	0.16	0.16	0.03	0.13
Social trust	−0.109	−0.032	−0.006	0.014	0.014	−0.164	0.132	−0.111	−0.140	−0.240	0.088	−0.127
	(0.034)^***	(0.016)^**	(0.055)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.054)^***	(0.068)^*	(0.034)^***	(0.110)	(0.130)^*	(0.132)	(0.130)
Personal trust	−0.133	0.027	0.226	0.015	0.015	0.345	−0.103	−0.010	−0.168	−0.065	0.021	−0.129
	(0.042)^***	(0.020)	(0.064)^***	(0.039)	(0.039)	(0.070)^***	(0.077)	(0.037)	(0.0125)	(0.148)	(0.144)	(0.144)
Social networks	−0.034	0.024	−0.168	−0.120	0.119	−0.084	0.042	−0.006	−0.049	−0.043	0.122	−0.249
	(0.062)	(0.027)	(0.098)^*	(0.051)^**	(0.051)^**	(0.085)	(0.059)	(0.032)	(0.101)	(0.107)	(0.111)	(0.107)^**
Personal networks	0.047	0.002	−0.123	−0.0006	−0.001	−0.174	0.094	−0.001	−0.038	−0.001	0.103	0.100
	(0.025)	(0.012)	(0.041)^***	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.041)^***	(0.032)^***	(0.017)	(0.054)	(0.059)	(0.060)	(0.056)^*
Trust in courts	−0.009	0.012	0.324	−0.0004	−0.0004	0.107	−0.058	−0.005	0.133	0.024	−0.104	0.131
	(0.051)	(0.021)	(0.083)^***	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.081)	(0.058)	(0.029)	(0.099)	(0.111)	(0.118)	(0.113)
Trust in parliaments	−0.043	0.046	−0.050	−0.029	−0.029	0.127	−0.057	0.082	0.095	0.222	−0.071	0.240
	(0.046)	(0.020)^**	(0.075)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.076)^*	(0.058)	(0.029)^***	(0.097)	(0.109)^**	(0.112)	(0.108)^**
Trust in fairness	0.003	0.002	0.042	0.029	0.029	0.041	−0.0006	0.002	0.100	0.122	0.030	0.104
	(0.013)	(0.006)	(0.020)^**	(0.012)^**	(0.012)^**	(0.020)^**	(0.021)	(0.010)	(0.037)^***	(0.037)^***	(0.039)	(0.039)^***
Reciprocity	0.179	0.016	−0.005	0.051	−0.051	0.002	0.240	0.009	0.073	0.198	−0.073	0.153
	(0.026)^***	(0.012)	(0.038)	(0.022)^**	(0.022)^**	(0.037)	(0.040)^***	(0.019)	(0.066)	(0.072)^***	(0.074)	(0.071)^**
Growth primacy	0.215	0.037	0.315	−0.021	−0.021	0.350	0.080	0.162	0.129	0.138	−0.016	0.328
	(0.056)^***	(0.026)	(0.085)^***	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.084)^***	(0.081)	(0.042)^***	(0.128)	(0.140)	(0.145)	(0.141)^**
Competition orientation	0.043	0.010	0.160	−0.012	−0.012	0.118	0.020	0.030	0.104	0.053	−0.075	0.113
	(0.012)^***	(0.006)^*	(0.020)^***	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.019)^***	(0.020)	(0.010)^***	(0.038)^***	(0.036)	(0.040)^*	(0.039)^***
Tolerance	0.010	−0.005	0.052	0.009	0.009	0.072	0.024	−0.007	0.002	−0.067	−0.006	−0.028
	(0.012)	(0.005)	(0.017)^***	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.018)^***	(0.016)	(0.008)	(0.027)	(0.029)^**	(0.030)	(0.028)
Acceptance inequality	0.011	0.012	0.066	0.001	0.001	0.056	0.044	0.0002	0.041	0.006	0.052	0.052
	(0.012)	(0.005)^**	(0.019)^***	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.018)^***	(0.016)^***	(0.007)	(0.026)	(0.027)	(0.030)	(0.027)^*
Risk taking	0.332	−0.0001	0.027	0.016	0.016	−0.056	−0.160	0.003	−0.076	−0.062	−0.063	−0.031
	(0.024)^***	(0.010)	(0.032)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.033)^*	(0.035)^***	(0.017)	(0.055)	(0.066)	(0.067)	(0.064)
Gender (female)	−0.043	−0.055	0.060	0.027	0.027	−0.113	−0.099	−0.133	−0.230	−0.200	−0.102	0.055
	(0.053)	(0.025)^**	(0.079)	(0.047)	(0.047)	(0.080)	(0.078)	(0.041)^***	(0.128)^*	(0.141)	(0.146)	(0.138)
Age	0.006	0.005	−0.022	0.012	0.012	−0.023	−0.034	0.002	−0.021	−0.040	0.021	−0.009
	(0.010)	(0.005)	(0.015)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.015)^**	(0.007)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.030)	(0.026)
Age²	−0.00006	−0.00007	0.00028	−0.0001	−0.0001	0.00027	0.003	5.38e–06	0.0002	0.0004	−0.0003	0.0002
	(0.0001)	(0.00005)	(0.00015)^*	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.00014)^*	(0.00015)^**	(0.0001)	(0.0003)	(0.00025)^*	(0.0003)	(0.0003)
Marital status	−0.090	0.018	0.072	0.098	0.098	−0.033	−0.040	−0.078	0.010	−0.221	−0.030	−0.171
	(0.067)	(0.031)	(0.105)	(0.061)	(0.061)	(0.102)	(0.102)	(0.050)	(0.158)	(0.183)	(0.199)	(0.176)
Income	0.073	−0.006	0.109	−0.003	−0.003	0.072	0.053	0.015	0.196	0.150	0.084	0.080
	(0.019)^***	(0.008)	(0.029)^***	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.030)^**	(0.026)^**	(0.013)	(0.047)^***	(0.048)^***	(0.050)^*	(0.048)^*
Self-employed	0.067	0.004	−0.200	−0.025	−0.025	0.158	−0.124	0.035	0.432	0.205	0.353	0.298
	(0.117)	(0.052)	(0.195)	(0.115)	(0.115)	(0.194)	(0.156)	(0.073)	(0.224)^*	(0.250)	(0.274)	(0.252)
Unemployment	0.113	0.015	0.032	0.363	0.363	−0.079	−0.170	−0.128	0.001	−0.306	−0.020	−0.455
	(0.135)	(0.056)	(0.191)	(0.106)^***	(0.106)^***	(0.193)	(0.228)	(0.126)	(0.386)	(0.417)	(0.440)	(0.454)
University education	0.063	0.068	0.112	−0.033	−0.033	0.177	0.267	0.019	0.091	−0.187	0.067	0.061
	(0.062)	(0.030)^**	(0.095)	(0.059)	(0.059)	(0.096)^*	(0.086)^***	(0.045)	(0.134)	(0.150)	(0.158)	(0.147)
Observation	1,916	1,916	1,916	1,916	1,916	1,916	1,024	1,021	1,022	1,021	1,011	1,016
(pseudo) R²	0.23	0.06	0.13	0.11	0.03	0.11	0.18	0.06	0.08	0.07	0.03	0.08

Table 3.1 The People's Republic of China and Hong Kong, China
	People's Republic of China						Hong Kong, China
	New	Tech.	Sci. &		Too		New	Tech.	Sci. &		Too
Variables^a	Idea	Dev.	Tech.	Future	Much	World	Idea	Dev.	Tech.	Future	Much	World
Social trust	−0.016	0.021	−0.041	−0.111	−0.317	−0.008	0.050	−0.071	−0.434	−0.500	−0.246	−0.134
	(0.054)	(0.024)	(0.081)	(0.082)	(0.131)^**	(0.070)	(0.063)	(0.032)^**	(0.122)^***	(0.123)^***	(0.126)^*	(0.110)
Personal trust	−0.024	−0.048	0.048	0.123	0.082	0.010	−0.114	0.015	0.164	0.192	0.122	−0.060
	(0.057)	(0.023)^**	(0.082)	(0.082)	(0.129)	(0.067)	(0.076)	(0.036)	(0.135)	(0.129)	(0.144)	(0.116)
Social networks	0.233	0.068	−0.061	−0.399	−0.220	−0.712	0.077	−0.002	−0.038	−0.025	−0.025	−0.157
	(0.132)^*	(0.049)	(0.329)	(0.313)	(0.374)	(0.288)^**	(0.080)	(0.036)	(0.148)	(0.136)	(0.168)	(0.140)
Personal networks	0.172	0.011	−0.223	−0.131	0.239	0.041	0.103	−0.004	−0.070	0.001	−0.176	−0.089
	(0.049)^***	(0.017)	(0.095)^**	(0.095)	(0.121)^*	(0.065)	(0.036)^***	(0.018)	(0.062)	(0.064)	(0.074)^**	(0.061)
Trust in courts	0.134	−0.003	−0.063	−0.015	−0.205	−0.032	0.022	0.054	0.166	0.220	0.023	0.243
	(0.058)^**	(0.020)	(0.090)	(0.087)	(0.135)	(0.072)	(0.061)	(0.030)^*	(0.118)	(0.116)^*	(0.114)	(0.104)^**
Trust in parliaments	−0.041	0.030	0.238	0.275	0.348	0.298	0.067	0.053	−0.107	0.066	−0.195	0.348
	(0.058)	(0.024)	(0.093)^**	(0.091)^***	(0.134)^***	(0.077)^***	(0.056)	(0.026)^**	(0.112)	(0.111)	(0.109)^*	(0.099)^***
Trust in fairness	0.027	0.004	0.123	0.086	−0.061	0.123	0.035	−0.011	0.107	0.107	−0.035	0.153
	(0.017)	(0.006)	(0.029)^***	(0.030)^***	(0.042)	(0.023)^***	(0.022)	(0.009)	(0.043)^**	(0.041)^***	(0.044)	(0.036)^***
Reciprocity	0.298	0.054	0.098	0.122	−0.157	0.150	0.155	0.019	0.043	−0.017	0.062	0.141
	(0.036)^***	(0.017)^***	(0.049)^**	(0.053)^**	(0.077)^**	(0.044)^***	(0.039)^***	(0.016)	(0.067)	(0.066)	(0.075)	(0.063)^**
Growth primacy	0.033	−0.007	−0.170	−0.347	−0.098	−0.040	0.090	0.050	0.059	0.157	−0.056	0.115
	(0.063)	(0.025)	(0.093)^*	(0.097)^***	(0.152)	(0.077)	(0.081)	(0.038)	(0.150)	(0.150)	(0.159)	(0.130)
Competition orientation	0.013	0.031	0.094	0.111	−0.106	0.048	−0.006	0.031	0.114	0.062	−0.104	0.111
	(0.016)	(0.007)^***	(0.025)^***	(0.027)^***	(0.039)^***	(0.020)^**	(0.020)	(0.009)^***	(0.037)^***	(0.035)^*	(0.040)^***	(0.034)^***
Tolerance	−0.023	0.003	0.016	−0.012	0.073	0.002	−0.009	−0.009	0.036	−0.010	0.018	0.026
	(0.014)^*	(0.006)	(0.023)	(0.026)	(0.037)^*	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.008)	(0.033)	(0.033)	(0.034)	(0.029)
Acceptance Inequality	0.022	0.004	0.020	−0.002	0.015	0.010	−0.006	0.011	0.095	0.089	−0.066	0.018
	(0.012)^*	(0.004)	(0.017)	(0.018)	(0.031)	(0.015)	(0.019)	(0.008)	(0.035)^***	(0.033)^***	(0.038)^*	(0.031)
Risk taking	0.334	−0.028	−0.036	−0.060	−0.053	−0.032	0.234	0.020	−0.092	−0.108	−0.068	−0.121
	(0.026)^***	(0.010)^***	(0.040)	(0.042)	(0.061)	(0.031)	(0.031)^***	(0.016)	(0.062)	(0.062)^*	(0.069)	(0.059)^**
Gender (female)	−0.115	−0.065	−0.103	−0.149	−0.357	−0.012	−0.162	−0.020	0.033	0.075	−0.041	0.032
	(0.063)^*	(0.026)^**	(0.091)	(0.099)	(0.149)^**	(0.078)	(0.083)^*	(0.039)	(0.156)	(0.151)	(0.161)	(0.136)
Age	−0.024	−0.005	0.003	0.025	−0.008	−0.014	−0.002	0.002	−0.041	−0.064	0.007	−0.046
	(0.015)	(0.006)	(0.021)	(0.024)	(0.035)	(0.018)	(0.014)	(0.007)	(0.028)	(0.024)^***	(0.030)	(0.024)^**
Age²	0.0001	0.00005	−0.0001	−0.0003	−4.79e–06	0.0001	1.63e–06	0.00003	0.0006	0.0009	−0.0001	0.0006
	(0.0002)	(0.00006)	(0.0002)	(0.0003)	(0.0004)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.0003)^*	(0.0002)^***	(0.0003)	(0.0002)^**
Marital status	0.090	−0.036	0.037	−0.046	−0.079	0.039	0.012	0.004	0.161	0.140	−0.054	0.259
	(0.096)	(0.036)	(0.136)	(0.153)	(0.220)	(0.125)	(0.105)	(0.046)	(0.188)	(0.170)	(0.195)	(0.161)
Income	0.051	−0.023	−0.029	−0.009	−0.021	−0.004	0.038	−0.009	−0.034	0.012	0.052	−0.014
	(0.019)^***	(0.007)^***	(0.030)	(0.031)	(0.045)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.011)	(0.045)	(0.042)	(0.046)	(0.042)
Self-employed	0.142	−0.057	0.113	−0.013	−0.369	−0.068	−0.282	−0.021	−0.094	−0.221	0.396	−0.003
	(0.209)	(0.087)	(0.329)	(0.385)	(0.471)	(0.327)	(0.241)	(0.103)	(0.442)	(0.493)	(0.499)	(0.422)
Unemployment	0.280	−0.019	0.286	0.098	1.400	0.349	−0.060	0.071	−0.095	0.081	−0.144	−0.032
	(0.218)	(0.078)	(0.295)	(0.379)	(0.488)^***	(0.298)	(0.194)	(0.076)	(0.340)	(0.337)	(0.357)	(0.313)
University education	0.134	0.032	0.051	0.084	0.298	−0.025	0.242	−0.099	0.210	0.065	0.425	−0.077
	(0.092)	(0.035)	(0.145)	(0.165)	(0.222)	(0.116)	(0.098)^**	(0.058)^*	(0.176)	(0.185)	(0.184)^**	(0.164)
Observation	1,299	1,282	1,283	1,270	1,164	1,286	890	889	890	890	889	887
(pseudo) R²	0.29	0.07	0.09	0.09	0.06	0.10	0.18	0.09	0.09	0.11	0.05	0.15
Social trust	−0.018	−0.05	−0.053	−0.170	0.230	0.161	0.034	0.001	−0.285	−0.145	−0.090	–0.103
	(0.066)	(0.031)	(0.112)	(0.111)	(0.149)	(0.105)	(0.057)	(0.028)	(0.095)^***	(0.097)	(0.113)	(0.087)
Personal trust	0.027	−0.005	0.042	0.151	−0.304	−0.136	0.007	0.028	0.145	0.093	−0.115	0.038
	(0.078)	(0.037)	(0.130)	(0.123)	(0.176)^*	(0.131)	(0.065)	(0.032)	(0.105)	(0.114)	(0.128)	(0.098)
Social networks	0.154	−0.045	−0.022	−0.157	−0.018	−0.333	0.330	−0.102	−0.143	−0.132	−0.007	–0.283
	(0.120)	(0.068)	(0.206)	(0.188)	(0.286)	(0.213)	(0.086)^***	(0.052)^*	(0.150)	(0.148)	(0.181)	(0.148)^*
Personal networks	0.017	0.031	−0.045	0.008	0.043	0.058	0.056	0.012	−0.005	0.019	0.019	–0.031
	(0.034)	(0.018)^*	(0.060)	(0.059)	(0.082)	(0.054)	(0.032)^*	(0.017)	(0.057)	(0.058)	(0.065)	(0.054)
Trust in courts	0.162	0.050	0.219	0.306	0.120	0.293	0.094	0.102	0.252	0.265	−0.083	0.290
	(0.062)^**	(0.030)^*	(0.108)^**	(0.102)^***	(0.138)	(0.103)^***	(0.056)^*	(0.029)^***	(0.104)^**	(0.104)^**	(0.115)	(0.095)^***
Trust in parliaments	0.005	0.045	0.108	0.083	−0.032	0.296	0.113	−0.036	0.019	−0.083	−0.088	–0.018
	(0.060)	(0.029)	(0.102)	(0.101)	(0.133)	(0.099)^***	(0.052)^**	(0.029)	(0.095)	(0.093)	(0.109)	(0.081)
Trust in fairness	−0.009	−0.008	0.004	−0.026	−0.010	0.052	0.029	−0.009	0.100	0.088	−0.092	0.071
	(0.019)	(0.008)	(0.032)	(0.031)	(0.045)	(0.033)	(0.020)	(0.010)	(0.032)^***	(0.033)^***	(0.039)^**	(0.029)^**
Reciprocity	0.265	−0.012	0.030	0.077	0.060	−0.002	0.109	0.027	0.125	0.109	0.0001	–0.003
	(0.037)^***	(0.016)	(0.055)	(0.053)	(0.076)	(0.055)	(0.033)^***	(0.017)^*	(0.053)^**	(0.054)^**	(0.062)	(0.052)
Growth primacy	−0.027	0.121	0.328	0.387	−0.398	0.310	0.074	0.097	0.461	0.468	−0.113	0.372
	(0.072)	(0.038)^***	(0.121)^***	(0.119)^***	(0.164)^**	(0.121)^**	(0.072)	(0.038)^**	(0.117)^***	(0.122)^***	(0.141)	(0.110)^***
Competition orientation	0.025	0.006	0.078	0.112	−0.045	0.095	0.021	0.046	0.173	0.201	−0.039	0.147
	(0.018)	(0.008)	(0.033)^**	(0.031)^***	(0.042)	(0.034)^***	(0.019)	(0.010)	(0.034)^***	(0.035)^***	(0.039)	(0.031)^***
Tolerance	0.016	−0.008	0.051	0.039	−0.078	0.027	0.012	−0.011	−0.021	−0.011	−0.049	–0.023
	(0.013)	(0.007)	(0.022)^**	(0.022)^*	(0.029)^***	(0.022)	(0.015)	(0.008)	(0.026)	(0.027)	(0.030)	(0.025)
Acceptance inequality	0.014	0.028	0.105	0.058	−0.045	0.105	0.017	0.009	0.115	−0.106	0.041	0.073
	(0.019)	(0.008)^***	(0.032)^***	(0.030)^*	(0.041)	(0.032)^***	(0.016)	(0.008)	(0.030)^***	(0.031)^***	(0.033)	(0.027)^***
Risk taking	0.332	0.010	−0.005	0.062	0.005	0.080	0.335	0.042	0.093	0.087	−0.040	0.141
	(0.039)^***	(0.018)	(0.064)	(0.057)	(0.087)	(0.059)	(0.033)^***	(0.016)^***	(0.052)^*	(0.052)^*	(0.062)	(0.050)^***
Gender (female)	−0.179	−0.086	−0.259	−0.254	0.038	−0.114	−0.140	−0.024	−0.156	−0.111	−0.011	–0.099
	(0.075)^**	(0.038)^**	(0.127)^**	(0.124)^**	(0.170)	(0.121)	(0.074)^*	(0.039)	(0.120)	(0.120)	(0.144)	(0.106)
Age	0.013	0.012	−0.065	−0.042	−0.037	0.018	−0.039	0.005	−0.073	−0.052	−0.042	0.012
	(0.017)	(0.008)	(0.027)^**	(0.026)	(0.035)	(0.025)	(0.017)^**	(0.009)	(0.029)^**	(0.028)^*	(0.033)	(0.028)
Age²	−0.0001	−0.0001	0.0006	0.0005	0.0004	−0.0002	0.0003	−0.0001	0.0007	0.0006	0.0004	–0.0001
	(0.0002)	(0.0001)	(0.0003)^**	(0.0002)^*	(0.0003)	(0.0002)	(0.0002)^*	(0.0001)	(0.0003)^**	(0.0003)^*	(0.0003)	(0.0003)
Marital status	0.038	0.007	−0.017	0.053	−0.023	−0.085	0.118	0.152	0.647	0.623	0.378	0.419
	(0.088)	(0.045)	(0.150)	(0.152)	(0.200)	(0.145)	(0.099)	(0.056)^***	(0.164)^***	(0.163)^***	(0.186)^**	(0.148)^***
Income	0.003	−0.009	0.012	0.013	−0.054	0.010	−0.019	−0.008	−0.031	−0.052	−0.061	0.036
	(0.013)	(0.007)	(0.024)	(0.023)	(0.030)^*	(0.021)	(0.021)	(0.011)	(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.042)	(0.034)
Self-employed	0.118	−0.071	−0.050	0.009	0.760	0.140	0.056	−0.020	−0.074	−0.348	−0.053	–0.065
	(0.110)	(0.056)	(0.208)	(0.181)	(0.284)^***	(0.183)	(0.096)	(0.050)	(0.154)	(0.160)^**	(0.179)	(0.139)
Unemployment	0.343	0.158	0.194	0.208	−0.351	−0.167	0.143	0.004	−0.447	−0.598	−0.104	0.250
	(0.267)	(0.104)	(0.311)	(0.345)	(0.469)	(0.378)	(0.191)	(0.089)	(0.314)	(0.327)^*	(0.360)	(0.260)
University education	0.016	0.018	0.293	0.073	−0.298	0.428	0.207	−0.120	0.117	−0.078	0.083	–0.123
	(0.084)	(0.043)	(0.125)^**	(0.128)	(0.182)	(0.121)^***	(0.086)^**	(0.043)^***	(0.132)	(0.134)	(0.158)	(0.124)
Observation	969	980	945	939	897	935	1,019	1,020	1,015	1,015	1,015	1,014
(pseudo) R²	0.22	0.08	0.08	0.09	0.06	0.12	0.29	0.10	0.16	0.16	0.03	0.13
Social trust	−0.109	−0.032	−0.006	0.014	0.014	−0.164	0.132	−0.111	−0.140	−0.240	0.088	−0.127
	(0.034)^***	(0.016)^**	(0.055)	(0.032)	(0.032)	(0.054)^***	(0.068)^*	(0.034)^***	(0.110)	(0.130)^*	(0.132)	(0.130)
Personal trust	−0.133	0.027	0.226	0.015	0.015	0.345	−0.103	−0.010	−0.168	−0.065	0.021	−0.129
	(0.042)^***	(0.020)	(0.064)^***	(0.039)	(0.039)	(0.070)^***	(0.077)	(0.037)	(0.0125)	(0.148)	(0.144)	(0.144)
Social networks	−0.034	0.024	−0.168	−0.120	0.119	−0.084	0.042	−0.006	−0.049	−0.043	0.122	−0.249
	(0.062)	(0.027)	(0.098)^*	(0.051)^**	(0.051)^**	(0.085)	(0.059)	(0.032)	(0.101)	(0.107)	(0.111)	(0.107)^**
Personal networks	0.047	0.002	−0.123	−0.0006	−0.001	−0.174	0.094	−0.001	−0.038	−0.001	0.103	0.100
	(0.025)	(0.012)	(0.041)^***	(0.022)	(0.022)	(0.041)^***	(0.032)^***	(0.017)	(0.054)	(0.059)	(0.060)	(0.056)^*
Trust in courts	−0.009	0.012	0.324	−0.0004	−0.0004	0.107	−0.058	−0.005	0.133	0.024	−0.104	0.131
	(0.051)	(0.021)	(0.083)^***	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.081)	(0.058)	(0.029)	(0.099)	(0.111)	(0.118)	(0.113)
Trust in parliaments	−0.043	0.046	−0.050	−0.029	−0.029	0.127	−0.057	0.082	0.095	0.222	−0.071	0.240
	(0.046)	(0.020)^**	(0.075)	(0.044)	(0.044)	(0.076)^*	(0.058)	(0.029)^***	(0.097)	(0.109)^**	(0.112)	(0.108)^**
Trust in fairness	0.003	0.002	0.042	0.029	0.029	0.041	−0.0006	0.002	0.100	0.122	0.030	0.104
	(0.013)	(0.006)	(0.020)^**	(0.012)^**	(0.012)^**	(0.020)^**	(0.021)	(0.010)	(0.037)^***	(0.037)^***	(0.039)	(0.039)^***
Reciprocity	0.179	0.016	−0.005	0.051	−0.051	0.002	0.240	0.009	0.073	0.198	−0.073	0.153
	(0.026)^***	(0.012)	(0.038)	(0.022)^**	(0.022)^**	(0.037)	(0.040)^***	(0.019)	(0.066)	(0.072)^***	(0.074)	(0.071)^**
Growth primacy	0.215	0.037	0.315	−0.021	−0.021	0.350	0.080	0.162	0.129	0.138	−0.016	0.328
	(0.056)^***	(0.026)	(0.085)^***	(0.049)	(0.049)	(0.084)^***	(0.081)	(0.042)^***	(0.128)	(0.140)	(0.145)	(0.141)^**
Competition orientation	0.043	0.010	0.160	−0.012	−0.012	0.118	0.020	0.030	0.104	0.053	−0.075	0.113
	(0.012)^***	(0.006)^*	(0.020)^***	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.019)^***	(0.020)	(0.010)^***	(0.038)^***	(0.036)	(0.040)^*	(0.039)^***
Tolerance	0.010	−0.005	0.052	0.009	0.009	0.072	0.024	−0.007	0.002	−0.067	−0.006	−0.028
	(0.012)	(0.005)	(0.017)^***	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.018)^***	(0.016)	(0.008)	(0.027)	(0.029)^**	(0.030)	(0.028)
Acceptance inequality	0.011	0.012	0.066	0.001	0.001	0.056	0.044	0.0002	0.041	0.006	0.052	0.052
	(0.012)	(0.005)^**	(0.019)^***	(0.011)	(0.011)	(0.018)^***	(0.016)^***	(0.007)	(0.026)	(0.027)	(0.030)	(0.027)^*
Risk taking	0.332	−0.0001	0.027	0.016	0.016	−0.056	−0.160	0.003	−0.076	−0.062	−0.063	−0.031
	(0.024)^***	(0.010)	(0.032)	(0.020)	(0.020)	(0.033)^*	(0.035)^***	(0.017)	(0.055)	(0.066)	(0.067)	(0.064)
Gender (female)	−0.043	−0.055	0.060	0.027	0.027	−0.113	−0.099	−0.133	−0.230	−0.200	−0.102	0.055
	(0.053)	(0.025)^**	(0.079)	(0.047)	(0.047)	(0.080)	(0.078)	(0.041)^***	(0.128)^*	(0.141)	(0.146)	(0.138)
Age	0.006	0.005	−0.022	0.012	0.012	−0.023	−0.034	0.002	−0.021	−0.040	0.021	−0.009
	(0.010)	(0.005)	(0.015)	(0.009)	(0.009)	(0.014)	(0.015)^**	(0.007)	(0.025)	(0.026)	(0.030)	(0.026)
Age²	−0.00006	−0.00007	0.00028	−0.0001	−0.0001	0.00027	0.003	5.38e–06	0.0002	0.0004	−0.0003	0.0002
	(0.0001)	(0.00005)	(0.00015)^*	(0.0001)	(0.0001)	(0.00014)^*	(0.00015)^**	(0.0001)	(0.0003)	(0.00025)^*	(0.0003)	(0.0003)
Marital status	−0.090	0.018	0.072	0.098	0.098	−0.033	−0.040	−0.078	0.010	−0.221	−0.030	−0.171
	(0.067)	(0.031)	(0.105)	(0.061)	(0.061)	(0.102)	(0.102)	(0.050)	(0.158)	(0.183)	(0.199)	(0.176)
Income	0.073	−0.006	0.109	−0.003	−0.003	0.072	0.053	0.015	0.196	0.150	0.084	0.080
	(0.019)^***	(0.008)	(0.029)^***	(0.018)	(0.018)	(0.030)^**	(0.026)^**	(0.013)	(0.047)^***	(0.048)^***	(0.050)^*	(0.048)^*
Self-employed	0.067	0.004	−0.200	−0.025	−0.025	0.158	−0.124	0.035	0.432	0.205	0.353	0.298
	(0.117)	(0.052)	(0.195)	(0.115)	(0.115)	(0.194)	(0.156)	(0.073)	(0.224)^*	(0.250)	(0.274)	(0.252)
Unemployment	0.113	0.015	0.032	0.363	0.363	−0.079	−0.170	−0.128	0.001	−0.306	−0.020	−0.455
	(0.135)	(0.056)	(0.191)	(0.106)^***	(0.106)^***	(0.193)	(0.228)	(0.126)	(0.386)	(0.417)	(0.440)	(0.454)
University education	0.063	0.068	0.112	−0.033	−0.033	0.177	0.267	0.019	0.091	−0.187	0.067	0.061
	(0.062)	(0.030)^**	(0.095)	(0.059)	(0.059)	(0.096)^*	(0.086)^***	(0.045)	(0.134)	(0.150)	(0.158)	(0.147)
Observation	1,916	1,916	1,916	1,916	1,916	1,916	1,024	1,021	1,022	1,021	1,011	1,016
(pseudo) R²	0.23	0.06	0.13	0.11	0.03	0.11	0.18	0.06	0.08	0.07	0.03	0.08

Notes: ^aNew Idea: importance of new ideas and creativity; Tech. Dev.: importance of technological development; Sci. & Tech.: importance of science and technology today; Future: importance of science and technology in the future; Too Much: acceptance of the statement “we depend too much on science;” World: acceptance of the statement “science makes the world better.” Numbers in parentheses are robust standard errors clustered at the individual level. ^*p < .10, ^**p < .05, ^***p < .001.

Source: Author’s estimates.

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