Table 9 shows the average per capita consumption using both the standardized and national consumption aggregates.16 The table shows that, for the most part, there is not a large difference in expenditure per capita between the two aggregates. One exception is housing expenditure in urban India. Using the national consumption aggregates, imputed rent amounts to $0.7 per day (2011 PPP), but when imputed rents for homeowners are included in the standardized consumption aggregate, the housing expenditure jumps to$1.6 (2011 PPP). The standardization of the consumption aggregates decreases housing expenditure in Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka also sees a fall in food and nonfood (nondurable) expenditures due to the standardization process.

Table 9.

Average Daily per Capita Expenditure by Category of Goods and Services (\$)

AllRuralUrbanBhutanAllRuralUrbanMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka
20102010201020122011–20122011–20122011–2012200920102011–20122012–2013
National consumption aggregates
Food 1.9 1.8 2.4 2.5 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 3.2
Nonfood nondurables 0.8 0.7 1.1 2.5 1.0 0.8 1.4 3.3 1.5 0.9 2.9
Health 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5  0.1 0.3
Education 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3
Durable goods 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.7  0.3  0.2
Housing 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.6 0.3 0.9 2.0
Total 3.7 3.1 5.2 7.5 4.1 3.5 5.6 7.4 4.3 4.0 8.8
Standardized consumption aggregates
Food 1.8 1.6 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.7
Nonfood nondurables 0.7 0.6 1.0 2.2 1.1 0.9 1.5 2.1 0.9 1.0 1.6
Health 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.3
Education 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
Durable goods 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.3
Housing 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.3 1.6 1.8 0.3 0.8 1.1
Total 3.3 2.9 4.6 6.7 3.7 3.0 5.4 7.1 4.2 4.0 6.0
AllRuralUrbanBhutanAllRuralUrbanMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka
20102010201020122011–20122011–20122011–2012200920102011–20122012–2013
National consumption aggregates
Food 1.9 1.8 2.4 2.5 1.6 1.5 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.0 3.2
Nonfood nondurables 0.8 0.7 1.1 2.5 1.0 0.8 1.4 3.3 1.5 0.9 2.9
Health 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5  0.1 0.3
Education 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3
Durable goods 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.7  0.3  0.2
Housing 0.6 0.4 1.0 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.6 0.3 0.9 2.0
Total 3.7 3.1 5.2 7.5 4.1 3.5 5.6 7.4 4.3 4.0 8.8
Standardized consumption aggregates
Food 1.8 1.6 2.2 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.8 2.7
Nonfood nondurables 0.7 0.6 1.0 2.2 1.1 0.9 1.5 2.1 0.9 1.0 1.6
Health 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.3
Education 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
Durable goods 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.1 0.3
Housing 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.3 1.6 1.8 0.3 0.8 1.1
Total 3.3 2.9 4.6 6.7 3.7 3.0 5.4 7.1 4.2 4.0 6.0

Notes: All amounts are based on 2011 purchasing power parity. India's consumption aggregates reported are based on the Uniform Recall Period.

Source: Authors’ estimates based on South Asia Harmonized Micro Dataset (accessed September 15, 2017).

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