Table 9 shows the average per capita consumption using both the standardized and national consumption aggregates.16 The table shows that, for the most part, there is not a large difference in expenditure per capita between the two aggregates. One exception is housing expenditure in urban India. Using the national consumption aggregates, imputed rent amounts to $0.7 per day (2011 PPP), but when imputed rents for homeowners are included in the standardized consumption aggregate, the housing expenditure jumps to $1.6 (2011 PPP). The standardization of the consumption aggregates decreases housing expenditure in Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka also sees a fall in food and nonfood (nondurable) expenditures due to the standardization process.
Average Daily per Capita Expenditure by Category of Goods and Services ($)
| . | Bangladesh . | . | India . | . | . | . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All . | Rural . | Urban . | Bhutan . | All . | Rural . | Urban . | Maldives . | Nepal . | Pakistan . | Sri Lanka . |
| . | 2010 . | 2010 . | 2010 . | 2012 . | 2011–2012 . | 2011–2012 . | 2011–2012 . | 2009 . | 2010 . | 2011–2012 . | 2012–2013 . |
| National consumption aggregates | |||||||||||
| Food | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 3.2 |
| Nonfood nondurables | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 2.9 |
| Health | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |
| Education | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Durable goods | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||
| Housing | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
| Total | 3.7 | 3.1 | 5.2 | 7.5 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 5.6 | 7.4 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 8.8 |
| Standardized consumption aggregates | |||||||||||
| Food | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.7 |
| Nonfood nondurables | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
| Health | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Education | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Durable goods | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Housing | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
| Total | 3.3 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 6.0 |
| . | Bangladesh . | . | India . | . | . | . | . | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | All . | Rural . | Urban . | Bhutan . | All . | Rural . | Urban . | Maldives . | Nepal . | Pakistan . | Sri Lanka . |
| . | 2010 . | 2010 . | 2010 . | 2012 . | 2011–2012 . | 2011–2012 . | 2011–2012 . | 2009 . | 2010 . | 2011–2012 . | 2012–2013 . |
| National consumption aggregates | |||||||||||
| Food | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 3.2 |
| Nonfood nondurables | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 2.9 |
| Health | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | |
| Education | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Durable goods | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | ||
| Housing | 0.6 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 2.0 |
| Total | 3.7 | 3.1 | 5.2 | 7.5 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 5.6 | 7.4 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 8.8 |
| Standardized consumption aggregates | |||||||||||
| Food | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.7 |
| Nonfood nondurables | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.6 |
| Health | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Education | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 |
| Durable goods | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 |
| Housing | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.1 |
| Total | 3.3 | 2.9 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 6.0 |
Notes: All amounts are based on 2011 purchasing power parity. India's consumption aggregates reported are based on the Uniform Recall Period.
Source: Authors’ estimates based on South Asia Harmonized Micro Dataset (accessed September 15, 2017).