Summary of theories and their predictions
| Theory . | Feedforward control disrupted . | Feedback control disrupted . | Feedback control compensatory or maladaptive . | Changes in feedback control developmental or acquired after onset . | Predicts impairment in compensation for unexpected feedback perturbations . | Predicts impairment in adaptation to sustained feedback perturbations . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speech Motor Skills account (van Lieshout et al., 1996a, 1996b) | Yes | No | Compensatory | Acquired | No (may be enhanced in adults) | Yes? |
| Unstable Internal Models hypothesis (Max et al., 2004) | Yes | Yes | Compensatory | Developmental | Yes | Yes |
| Overreliance on Feedback hypothesis (Civier et al., 2010; Max et al., 2004) | Yes | No | Maladaptive | Developmental | No (may be enhanced) | Yes |
| Impaired Left Hemisphere Basal Ganglia Motor Loop account (Chang & Guenther, 2020; Guenther, 2016) | Yes | No | Maladaptive | Acquired | Yes (weakened in adults only) | Yes (possibly more affected in adults) |
| Disrupted Auditory Prediction account (Max & Daliri, 2019) | No | Yes | Maladaptive | Developmental | Yes | Yes? |
| Theory . | Feedforward control disrupted . | Feedback control disrupted . | Feedback control compensatory or maladaptive . | Changes in feedback control developmental or acquired after onset . | Predicts impairment in compensation for unexpected feedback perturbations . | Predicts impairment in adaptation to sustained feedback perturbations . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Speech Motor Skills account (van Lieshout et al., 1996a, 1996b) | Yes | No | Compensatory | Acquired | No (may be enhanced in adults) | Yes? |
| Unstable Internal Models hypothesis (Max et al., 2004) | Yes | Yes | Compensatory | Developmental | Yes | Yes |
| Overreliance on Feedback hypothesis (Civier et al., 2010; Max et al., 2004) | Yes | No | Maladaptive | Developmental | No (may be enhanced) | Yes |
| Impaired Left Hemisphere Basal Ganglia Motor Loop account (Chang & Guenther, 2020; Guenther, 2016) | Yes | No | Maladaptive | Acquired | Yes (weakened in adults only) | Yes (possibly more affected in adults) |
| Disrupted Auditory Prediction account (Max & Daliri, 2019) | No | Yes | Maladaptive | Developmental | Yes | Yes? |