Table 1 panel A shows summary statistics for our estimation sample. Thirty-nine percent of students are female. The average age of students is 21.2 years and a majority of them are either Dutch (31 percent) or German (44 percent). On average, we observe each student for 7.6 different courses in our estimation sample.

Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics

NMeanSDMinimumMaximum$ρ$
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
Panel A: Individual Characteristics
Student level
Female 10,898 0.39 0.49 0.00 1.00
Age, years 10,898 21.17 2.50 15.93 44.25
Dutch 10,898 0.31 0.46 0.00 1.00
German 10,898 0.44 0.50 0.00 1.00
Bachelor's student 10,898 0.64 0.44 0.00 1.00
Courses per student 10,898 7.63 6.27 1.00 33.00
Instructor level
Student instructor 731 0.46 0.49
PhD student instructor 731 0.23 0.41
Senior instructor 731 0.31 0.45
Instructor-course level
Sections per course 2,928 2.49 0.98 1.00 4.00
Panel B: Student Outcomes
Dropout 83,195 0.07 0.26
Course evaluation survey responses
Evaluate the overall functioning of your tutor in this course with a grade (1—10) 27,144 7.77 1.98 10 0.94
The tutor sufficiently mastered the course content (1—5) 27,144 4.31 0.95 0.82
The tutor stimulated the transfer of what I learned in this course to other contexts (1—5) 27,144 3.94 1.08 0.87
The tutor encouraged all students to participate in the (tutorial) group discussions (1—5) 27,144 3.60 1.18 0.74
The tutor was enthusiastic in guiding our group (1—5) 27,144 4.07 1.10 0.87
The tutor initiated evaluation of the group functioning (1—5) 27,144 3.64 1.22 0.68
Self-study hours per week 26,918 14.25 8.32 90
NMeanSDMinimumMaximum$ρ$
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)
Panel A: Individual Characteristics
Student level
Female 10,898 0.39 0.49 0.00 1.00
Age, years 10,898 21.17 2.50 15.93 44.25
Dutch 10,898 0.31 0.46 0.00 1.00
German 10,898 0.44 0.50 0.00 1.00
Bachelor's student 10,898 0.64 0.44 0.00 1.00
Courses per student 10,898 7.63 6.27 1.00 33.00
Instructor level
Student instructor 731 0.46 0.49
PhD student instructor 731 0.23 0.41
Senior instructor 731 0.31 0.45
Instructor-course level
Sections per course 2,928 2.49 0.98 1.00 4.00
Panel B: Student Outcomes