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Other syntactic movements: Includes other types of syntactic transformations that are not part of the other categories. This includes cases such as moving an element from a coordinate construction to the subject position as in the last example in Table 8. Another type of transformation is in the following paraphrase: “[X] plays in [Y] position.” and “[X] plays in the position of [Y].” where a compound noun-phrase is replaced with a prepositional phrase.

Table 8:

Different types of paraphrases in ParaRel 🤘. We report examples from each paraphrase type, along with the type of relation, and the number of examples from the specific transformation from a random subset of 100 pairs. Each pair can be classified into more than a single transformation (we report one for brevity), thus the sum of transformation is more than 100.

Paraphrase Type	Pattern #1	Pattern #2	Relation	N.
Synonym substitution	[X] died in [Y].	[X] expired at [Y].	place of death	41
Function words variations	[X] is [Y] citizen.	[X], who is a citizen of [Y].	country of citizenship	16
Converse substitution	[X] maintains diplomatic relations with [Y].	[Y] maintains diplomatic relations with [X].	diplomatic relation	10
Change of tense	[X] is developed by [Y].	[X] was developed by [Y].	developer	10
Change of voice	[X] is owned by [Y].	[Y] owns [X].	owned by	7
Verb/Noun conversion	The headquarter of [X] is in [Y].	[X] is headquartered in [Y].	headquarters location	7
External knowledge	[X] is represented by music label [Y].	[X], that is represented by [Y].	record label	3
Noun/Adjective conversion	The official language of [X] is [Y].	The official language of [X] is the [Y] language.	official language	2
Change of aspect	[X] plays in [Y] position.	playing as an [X], [Y]	position played on team	1
Irrelevant addition	[X] shares border with [Y].	[X] shares a common border with [Y].	shares border with	11
Topicalization transformation	[X] plays in [Y] position.	playing as a [Y], [X]	position played on team	8
Apposition transformation	[X] is the capital of [Y].	[Y]’s capital, [X].	capital of	4
Other syntactic movements	[X] and [Y] are twin cities.	[X] is a twin city of [Y].	twinned administrative body	10

Paraphrase Type	Pattern #1	Pattern #2	Relation	N.
Synonym substitution	[X] died in [Y].	[X] expired at [Y].	place of death	41
Function words variations	[X] is [Y] citizen.	[X], who is a citizen of [Y].	country of citizenship	16
Converse substitution	[X] maintains diplomatic relations with [Y].	[Y] maintains diplomatic relations with [X].	diplomatic relation	10
Change of tense	[X] is developed by [Y].	[X] was developed by [Y].	developer	10
Change of voice	[X] is owned by [Y].	[Y] owns [X].	owned by	7
Verb/Noun conversion	The headquarter of [X] is in [Y].	[X] is headquartered in [Y].	headquarters location	7
External knowledge	[X] is represented by music label [Y].	[X], that is represented by [Y].	record label	3
Noun/Adjective conversion	The official language of [X] is [Y].	The official language of [X] is the [Y] language.	official language	2
Change of aspect	[X] plays in [Y] position.	playing as an [X], [Y]	position played on team	1
Irrelevant addition	[X] shares border with [Y].	[X] shares a common border with [Y].	shares border with	11
Topicalization transformation	[X] plays in [Y] position.	playing as a [Y], [X]	position played on team	8
Apposition transformation	[X] is the capital of [Y].	[Y]’s capital, [X].	capital of	4
Other syntactic movements	[X] and [Y] are twin cities.	[X] is a twin city of [Y].	twinned administrative body	10

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