Summary of main findings.
| Measure . | Between group effects . | Across condition effects . |
|---|---|---|
| Fluency difference scores | HB > BPWA | L1 > L2 |
| Mean semantic cluster size | HB > BPWA (except FS) | No differences |
| Number of semantic switches | HB > BPWA in all conditions | SS > FS; NS-L1 > NS-L2 and FS for BPWA only |
| Mean phonemic cluster size | HB > BPWA in LF-L1 | LF-L1 > LF-L2 for HB only |
| Number of phonemic switches | HB > BPWA in both conditions | LF-L1 = LF-L2 for HB and BPWA |
| SS clusters | Predicted by standardized assessment scores for BPWA. | |
| SS switches | Predicted by standardized assessment scores for HB and BPWA. Predicted by language experience measures for BPWA. | |
| FS clusters | Not predicted by any measures for either group. | |
| FS switches | Predicted by standardized assessment scores for HB and BPWA. Predicted by language experience measures for BPWA. | |
| Measure . | Between group effects . | Across condition effects . |
|---|---|---|
| Fluency difference scores | HB > BPWA | L1 > L2 |
| Mean semantic cluster size | HB > BPWA (except FS) | No differences |
| Number of semantic switches | HB > BPWA in all conditions | SS > FS; NS-L1 > NS-L2 and FS for BPWA only |
| Mean phonemic cluster size | HB > BPWA in LF-L1 | LF-L1 > LF-L2 for HB only |
| Number of phonemic switches | HB > BPWA in both conditions | LF-L1 = LF-L2 for HB and BPWA |
| SS clusters | Predicted by standardized assessment scores for BPWA. | |
| SS switches | Predicted by standardized assessment scores for HB and BPWA. Predicted by language experience measures for BPWA. | |
| FS clusters | Not predicted by any measures for either group. | |
| FS switches | Predicted by standardized assessment scores for HB and BPWA. Predicted by language experience measures for BPWA. | |
Note. BPWA = bilingual patients with aphasia; HB = healthy bilinguals; SS = Self-Switch; NS-L1 = No Switch (L1); NS-L2 = No Switch (L2); FS = Forced-Switch.