Table 1. 

Behavioral performance of the participants

 Mean (SD)Range
English word identification 16.6 (4.6) 6–24 
Chinese character identification 111.1 (17.2) 70–140 
English phonological awareness 5.6 (2.1) 1–8 
Chinese phonological awarenessa 13.9 (4.1) 3–19 
Visual spatial abilityb 43.9 (12.3) 21–79 
Chinese tone discrimination 13.9 (4.3) 5–20 
Raven’s standard progressive matricesc 75.9 (15.4) 50–95 
 Mean (SD)Range
English word identification 16.6 (4.6) 6–24 
Chinese character identification 111.1 (17.2) 70–140 
English phonological awareness 5.6 (2.1) 1–8 
Chinese phonological awarenessa 13.9 (4.1) 3–19 
Visual spatial abilityb 43.9 (12.3) 21–79 
Chinese tone discrimination 13.9 (4.3) 5–20 
Raven’s standard progressive matricesc 75.9 (15.4) 50–95 

Note. All the scores in the table are raw scores except for the Raven’s. SD = standard deviation.

a

One participant lacked Chinese phonological awareness.

b

Four participants lacked visual spatial ability.

c

Percentiles.

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