Matching results
| . | PSM . | IPTW . | CEM . | EB . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DI1 | ||||
| ATE | 1.5786 | 1.4077 | 3.0627 | 1.9628 |
| SE | (2.3082) | (1.9411) | (2.9518) | (2.1160) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [−2.945; 6.102] | [−2.397; 5.212] | [−2.723; 8.848] | [−2.185; 6.110] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [−2.787; 7.160] | [−2.762; 5.697] | [−0.861; 7.346] | – |
| DI5 | ||||
| ATE | 7.5612** | 7.0657** | 7.9726* | 6.8608* |
| SE | (2.8426) | (2.5656) | (3.2481) | (3.2695) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [1.989; 13.132] | [2.036; 12.094] | [1.606; 14.339] | [0.452; 13.269] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [2.465; 14.362] | [2.585; 12.734] | [3.570; 13.159] | – |
| DI1n | ||||
| ATE | −0.0198** | −0.0197** | −0.0148 | −0.0159* |
| SE | (0.0070) | (0.0065) | (0.0119) | (0.0069) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [−0.033; −0.006] | [−0.032; −0.0069] | [−0.038; 0.009] | [−0.029; −0.002] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [−0.033; 0.002] | [−0.0328; −0.0058] | [−0.030; 0.003] | – |
| DI5n | ||||
| ATE | 0.0148* | 0.0144* | 0.0209 | 0.0135 |
| SE | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0123) | (0.0077) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [0.001; 0.028] | [0.001; 0.027] | [−0.003; 0.045] | [−0.001; 0.029] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [0.002; 0.035] | [0.003; 0.030] | [0.006; 0.038] | – |
| DEP (inverse) | ||||
| ATE | 1.7955*** | 1.7756*** | 1.7352*** | 1.6957*** |
| SE | (0.1614) | (0.1509) | (0.2127) | (0.1987) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [1.479; 2.111] | [1.479; 2.071] | [1.318; 2.152] | [1.306; 2.085] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [1.315; 2.098] | [1.385; 2.204] | [1.437; 2.111] | – |
| Logarithmized citation counts | ||||
| ATE | 3.7225*** | 3.6804*** | 3.7807*** | 3.6061*** |
| SE | (0.1502) | (0.1276) | (0.1289) | (0.1339) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [3.427; 4.016] | [3.430; 3.930] | [3.528; 4.033] | [3.345; 3.868] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [3.464; 4.017] | [3.443; 3.952] | [3.537; 3.958] | – |
| N match (treated) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| N match (control) | 16,947 | 17,465 | 990 | 21,143 |
| . | PSM . | IPTW . | CEM . | EB . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DI1 | ||||
| ATE | 1.5786 | 1.4077 | 3.0627 | 1.9628 |
| SE | (2.3082) | (1.9411) | (2.9518) | (2.1160) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [−2.945; 6.102] | [−2.397; 5.212] | [−2.723; 8.848] | [−2.185; 6.110] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [−2.787; 7.160] | [−2.762; 5.697] | [−0.861; 7.346] | – |
| DI5 | ||||
| ATE | 7.5612** | 7.0657** | 7.9726* | 6.8608* |
| SE | (2.8426) | (2.5656) | (3.2481) | (3.2695) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [1.989; 13.132] | [2.036; 12.094] | [1.606; 14.339] | [0.452; 13.269] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [2.465; 14.362] | [2.585; 12.734] | [3.570; 13.159] | – |
| DI1n | ||||
| ATE | −0.0198** | −0.0197** | −0.0148 | −0.0159* |
| SE | (0.0070) | (0.0065) | (0.0119) | (0.0069) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [−0.033; −0.006] | [−0.032; −0.0069] | [−0.038; 0.009] | [−0.029; −0.002] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [−0.033; 0.002] | [−0.0328; −0.0058] | [−0.030; 0.003] | – |
| DI5n | ||||
| ATE | 0.0148* | 0.0144* | 0.0209 | 0.0135 |
| SE | (0.0068) | (0.0068) | (0.0123) | (0.0077) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [0.001; 0.028] | [0.001; 0.027] | [−0.003; 0.045] | [−0.001; 0.029] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [0.002; 0.035] | [0.003; 0.030] | [0.006; 0.038] | – |
| DEP (inverse) | ||||
| ATE | 1.7955*** | 1.7756*** | 1.7352*** | 1.6957*** |
| SE | (0.1614) | (0.1509) | (0.2127) | (0.1987) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [1.479; 2.111] | [1.479; 2.071] | [1.318; 2.152] | [1.306; 2.085] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [1.315; 2.098] | [1.385; 2.204] | [1.437; 2.111] | – |
| Logarithmized citation counts | ||||
| ATE | 3.7225*** | 3.6804*** | 3.7807*** | 3.6061*** |
| SE | (0.1502) | (0.1276) | (0.1289) | (0.1339) |
| 95% analytical-CI | [3.427; 4.016] | [3.430; 3.930] | [3.528; 4.033] | [3.345; 3.868] |
| 95% bootstrap-CI | [3.464; 4.017] | [3.443; 3.952] | [3.537; 3.958] | – |
| N match (treated) | 21 | 21 | 21 | 21 |
| N match (control) | 16,947 | 17,465 | 990 | 21,143 |
Notes. CI = Confidence interval, ATE = Average treatment effect, SE = Standard error, PSM = Propensity score matching, CEM = Coarsened exact matching, EB = Entropy balancing, IPTW = Inverse probability weighting. The outcome variables are the various disruption indicators (and citation counts), which can be found in the column on the left side.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001