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To examine this possibility, we estimate equation (1) for our core outcomes stratified by whether the female's mother has a college degree. These results, in table 3, show that the role model effects identified in section IVA are driven by daughters of less educated mothers. The results highlight that same-gender role models are important not only for closing the gender STEMM gap but also for closing the within-gender socioeconomic STEMM gap. This suggests same-gender role models may be an important tool for improving intergenerational occupational mobility.^²⁴ To ensure that this heterogeneity is not driven by female GPs being better at communicating with low-educated families than male GPs, we also estimate equation (1) for boys of low-educated mothers. The results are provided in table A11. None of the coefficients are statistically significant, consistent with our main findings.

Table 3.

Effect of Same-Gender GP on Females, by Mother's Education

	High school academic track	High school STEMM credential	Compulsory school STEMM GPA	High school STEMM GPA
A: Mother college or more
Same-gender GP	0.029	0.035	0.021	−0.014
	(0.033)	(0.050)	(0.091)	(0.098)
Mean	0.851	0.291	4.632	4.243
Observations	2,341	2,341	2,339	2,337
B: Mother less than college
Same-gender GP	0.070^***	0.093^***	0.101^*	0.137^**
	(0.026)	(0.024)	(0.054)	(0.053)
Mean	0.675	0.152	4.212	3.874
Observations	4,654	4,643	4,637	4,652

	High school academic track	High school STEMM credential	Compulsory school STEMM GPA	High school STEMM GPA
A: Mother college or more
Same-gender GP	0.029	0.035	0.021	−0.014
	(0.033)	(0.050)	(0.091)	(0.098)
Mean	0.851	0.291	4.632	4.243
Observations	2,341	2,341	2,339	2,337
B: Mother less than college
Same-gender GP	0.070^***	0.093^***	0.101^*	0.137^**
	(0.026)	(0.024)	(0.054)	(0.053)
Mean	0.675	0.152	4.212	3.874
Observations	4,654	4,643	4,637	4,652

The table shows the $β_{1}$ coefficients obtained through estimation of equation (1) as described in the text and reproduced here for clarity: $y_{i} = α + β_{1} G P_M a t c h_{i} + τ_{t} + π_{m} + θ_{c} + ρ_{d} + ε_{i}$ ⁠. $y_{i}$ is a general term denoting the outcome listed at the top of each column, and each estimation includes municipality (⁠ $π_{m}$ ⁠), year of swap (⁠ $τ_{t}$ ⁠), birth year (⁠ $θ_{c}$ ⁠), and previous GP (⁠ $ρ_{d}$ ⁠) fixed effects. The point estimates depicted in the table should be interpreted as the effect of random assignment to same-gender GP in childhood on the outcome listed at the top of the column. Standard errors are clustered at the level of the exogenously assigned GP. Panel A includes all girls who were subject to at least one exogenous GP swap prior to age 15 and have a mother with at least a college education. Panel B includes includes all girls who were subject to at least one exogenous GP swap before age 15 and have a mother with less than a college education. Significant at $^{*}$ 10%, $^{* *}$ 5%, $^{* * *}$ 1%.

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