Table 2 presents results from covariate balance tests designed to compare StudentU lottery winners and losers in the matched sample (N = 324). Columns 1 and 2 report summary statistics to describe lottery winners and lottery losers, respectively, while column 3 presents the difference in means between the lottery winners and lottery losers, conditional on cohort fixed-effects and cohort fixed-effects interacted with gender. Column 4 reports the p-value for the test of statistical significance for the difference in means.
Covariate Balance Tests
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Lottery Winners . | Lottery Losers . | Diff.: Winners vs. Losers . | p-value . |
| Black | 0.420 | 0.504 | −0.085 | 0.166 |
| (0.496) | (0.501) | (0.061) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.520 | 0.393 | 0.141 | 0.022 |
| (0.502) | (0.489) | (0.061) | ||
| White | 0.030 | 0.022 | 0.005 | 0.823 |
| (0.171) | (0.148) | (0.021) | ||
| Special education | 0.110 | 0.156 | −0.060 | 0.151 |
| (0.314) | (0.364) | (0.042) | ||
| Gifted | 0.240 | 0.192 | 0.045 | 0.383 |
| (0.429) | (0.395) | (0.051) | ||
| EL | 0.180 | 0.161 | 0.023 | 0.618 |
| (0.386) | (0.368) | (0.047) | ||
| Age | 10.479 | 10.522 | −0.036 | 0.495 |
| (0.362) | (0.529) | (0.053) | ||
| Economically disadvantaged | 0.910 | 0.799 | 0.118 | 0.005 |
| (0.288) | (0.402) | (0.042) | ||
| Charter | 0.130 | 0.125 | −0.007 | 0.867 |
| (0.338) | (0.331) | (0.041) | ||
| Math achievementa | −0.100 | −0.234 | 0.130 | 0.220 |
| (0.820) | (0.881) | (0.106) | ||
| Reading achievementb | −0.259 | −0.375 | 0.087 | 0.445 |
| (0.864) | (0.931) | (0.114) | ||
| p-value (joint F-test)c | 0.178 | |||
| Observations | 100 | 224 | 324 |
| . | (1) . | (2) . | (3) . | (4) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | Lottery Winners . | Lottery Losers . | Diff.: Winners vs. Losers . | p-value . |
| Black | 0.420 | 0.504 | −0.085 | 0.166 |
| (0.496) | (0.501) | (0.061) | ||
| Hispanic | 0.520 | 0.393 | 0.141 | 0.022 |
| (0.502) | (0.489) | (0.061) | ||
| White | 0.030 | 0.022 | 0.005 | 0.823 |
| (0.171) | (0.148) | (0.021) | ||
| Special education | 0.110 | 0.156 | −0.060 | 0.151 |
| (0.314) | (0.364) | (0.042) | ||
| Gifted | 0.240 | 0.192 | 0.045 | 0.383 |
| (0.429) | (0.395) | (0.051) | ||
| EL | 0.180 | 0.161 | 0.023 | 0.618 |
| (0.386) | (0.368) | (0.047) | ||
| Age | 10.479 | 10.522 | −0.036 | 0.495 |
| (0.362) | (0.529) | (0.053) | ||
| Economically disadvantaged | 0.910 | 0.799 | 0.118 | 0.005 |
| (0.288) | (0.402) | (0.042) | ||
| Charter | 0.130 | 0.125 | −0.007 | 0.867 |
| (0.338) | (0.331) | (0.041) | ||
| Math achievementa | −0.100 | −0.234 | 0.130 | 0.220 |
| (0.820) | (0.881) | (0.106) | ||
| Reading achievementb | −0.259 | −0.375 | 0.087 | 0.445 |
| (0.864) | (0.931) | (0.114) | ||
| p-value (joint F-test)c | 0.178 | |||
| Observations | 100 | 224 | 324 |
Notes: Column 1 reports raw means and standard deviations for StudentU lottery winners who applied for and received a lottery offer in the spring semesters of 2012—14. Column 2 reports raw means and standard deviations for StudentU lottery losers who applied for but did not receive a lottery offer in the spring semesters of 2012—2014. Column 3 reports the difference in means and associated standard errors in parentheses for StudentU lottery winners versus lottery losers, conditional on cohort fixed-effects and cohort fixed-effects interacted with gender. Column 4 reports the p-value associated with a two-tailed t-test of the difference in means reported in Column 3. The sample includes first-time, non-sibling applicants to StudentU in the 2011—12 to 2013—14 school years. EL = English learner.
aN = 311 for math achievement.
bN = 310 for reading achievement.
cN = 310 for the regression in which covariates are predictors of treatment status.