MIT Press

Table 2.

2011–2015 normalized average research output and fractional output per euro spent (O, FO), and productivity (FSS) at discipline level.

Discipline	Italy				Norway
Discipline	No. of professors	O	FO	FSS	No. of professors	O	FO	FSS
Mathematics	2,122	0.99	0.99	0.94	183	1.10	1.12	1.25
Physics	2,918	1.01	1.00	1.00	256	0.94	1.06	0.97
Chemistry	1,896	1.01	0.99	1.00	122	0.91	1.13	0.98
Earth and space sciences	1,873	1.00	0.98	0.94	413	0.98	1.08	1.27
Biology	5,635	1.02	1.01	1.01	736	0.82	0.90	0.90
Biomedical research	3,707	1.02	1.01	1.01	245	0.77	0.88	0.89
Clinical medicine	7,571	1.02	1.01	0.99	958	0.85	0.93	1.03
Psychology	475	1.05	1.02	0.98	148	0.84	0.94	1.03
Engineering	5,522	1.01	1.01	1.00	426	0.82	0.94	0.88
Political and social sciences	442	1.03	0.99	0.91	438	0.97	1.01	0.89
Economics	1,848	1.01	1.00	0.98	402	0.95	1.00	0.96
Overall	34,009	1.01	1.00	0.99	4327	0.89	0.97	0.99

Discipline	Italy				Norway
Discipline	No. of professors	O	FO	FSS	No. of professors	O	FO	FSS
Mathematics	2,122	0.99	0.99	0.94	183	1.10	1.12	1.25
Physics	2,918	1.01	1.00	1.00	256	0.94	1.06	0.97
Chemistry	1,896	1.01	0.99	1.00	122	0.91	1.13	0.98
Earth and space sciences	1,873	1.00	0.98	0.94	413	0.98	1.08	1.27
Biology	5,635	1.02	1.01	1.01	736	0.82	0.90	0.90
Biomedical research	3,707	1.02	1.01	1.01	245	0.77	0.88	0.89
Clinical medicine	7,571	1.02	1.01	0.99	958	0.85	0.93	1.03
Psychology	475	1.05	1.02	0.98	148	0.84	0.94	1.03
Engineering	5,522	1.01	1.01	1.00	426	0.82	0.94	0.88
Political and social sciences	442	1.03	0.99	0.91	438	0.97	1.01	0.89
Economics	1,848	1.01	1.00	0.98	402	0.95	1.00	0.96
Overall	34,009	1.01	1.00	0.99	4327	0.89	0.97	0.99