Studies reporting associations between musicality and reading-related skills.
| Study . | N . | Age . | Rhythm construct . | Tonal-melodic construct . | Reading-related construct . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anvari et al. (2002) | 100 | 4–5 | Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Rhythm reproduction | Harmony discrimination | Reading ability | |||
| Harmony analysis | |||||
| Bekius et al. (2016) | 26 | 20–40 | Beat perception | Reading fluency | |
| Cohrdes et al. (2016) | 44 | 5–7 | Rhythm reproduction | Melody reproduction | Phonological awareness |
| Beat synchronization | Harmonic discrimination | ||||
| David et al. (2007) | 53 | M = 6.34 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading fluency | |||||
| Degé et al. (2015) | 55 | M = 6.25 | Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Beat discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Nonword repetition | |||
| Beat synchronization | Singing ability | ||||
| Rhythm reproduction | |||||
| Dellatolas et al. (2009) | 625 | 5–6 | Rhythm reproduction | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading comprehension | |||||
| Douglas and Willatts (1994) | 78 | 7–9 | Rhythm discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Word recognition/spelling |
| Flagge et al. (2016) | 36 | 7–8 | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness | |
| González-Trujillo et al. (2014) | 67 | 8–9 | Rhythm reproduction | Reading fluency | |
| Grube et al. (2012) | 238 | 11 | Rhythm discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Timbre discrimination | |||||
| Holliman et al. (2010) | 102 | 5–7 | Rhythm reproduction | Reading ability | |
| Rhythm discrimination | Phonological awareness | ||||
| Hutchins (2018) | 90 | 3–6 | Beat synchronization | Singing error | Phonological awareness |
| Reading fluency | |||||
| Lê et al. (2020) | 278 | M = 8.4 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading ability | |||||
| Loui et al. (2011) | 32 | M = 7.6 | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness | |
| Pitch production | |||||
| Lundetræ and Thomson (2018) | 479 | 6 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading fluency | |||||
| Spelling | |||||
| Moritz et al. (2013) | 30 | Starting at age 5, ending at age 7 (longitudinal) | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Rhythm reproduction | Reading ability | ||||
| Rhythm discrimination | |||||
| Ozernov-Palchik et al. (2018) | 74 | M = 5.8 | Rhythm discrimination | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading fluency | |||||
| Peynircioğlu et al. (2002) (1) | 32 | 4–6 | Rhythm reproduction | Melody production | Phonological awareness |
| Peynircioğlu et al. (2002) (2) | 40 | 3–7 | Rhythm reproduction | Melody production | Phonological awareness |
| Politimou et al. (2019) | 46 | 3–5 | Rhythm discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Tempo discrimination | Melody discrimination | ||||
| Beat synchronization | Melody production | ||||
| Ríos-López et al. (2019) | 43 | 4–5 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Steinbrink et al. (2019) (1) | 54 | 5–7 | Tempo discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | ||||
| Rhythm reproduction | |||||
| Steinbrink et al. (2019) (2) | 96 | 7–11 | Tempo discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Reading comprehension |
| Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | Spelling | |||
| Rhythm reproduction | Phonological awareness | ||||
| Strait et al. (2011) | 42 | 8–13 | Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | Reading ability |
| Tierney and Kraus (2013) | 58 | 14–17 | Beat synchronization | Reading ability | |
| Tierney et al. (2017) | 64 | M = 18.0 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Rhythm reproduction | Reading ability | ||||
| Woodruff Carr et al. (2014) | 35 | 3–4 | Beat synchronization | Melody discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Rhythm discrimination | Reading fluency | ||||
| Yu et al. (2017) | 511 | M = 20.6 | Rhythm discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Zhang et al. (2017) | 54 | 8–10 | Tempo discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Reading fluency |
| Tonal sensitivity (Mandarin) | |||||
| Phonological awareness | |||||
| Zuk et al. (2013) | 45 | 6–8 | Rhythm reproduction | Musical memory | Reading fluency |
| Phonological awareness |
| Study . | N . | Age . | Rhythm construct . | Tonal-melodic construct . | Reading-related construct . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anvari et al. (2002) | 100 | 4–5 | Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Rhythm reproduction | Harmony discrimination | Reading ability | |||
| Harmony analysis | |||||
| Bekius et al. (2016) | 26 | 20–40 | Beat perception | Reading fluency | |
| Cohrdes et al. (2016) | 44 | 5–7 | Rhythm reproduction | Melody reproduction | Phonological awareness |
| Beat synchronization | Harmonic discrimination | ||||
| David et al. (2007) | 53 | M = 6.34 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading fluency | |||||
| Degé et al. (2015) | 55 | M = 6.25 | Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Beat discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Nonword repetition | |||
| Beat synchronization | Singing ability | ||||
| Rhythm reproduction | |||||
| Dellatolas et al. (2009) | 625 | 5–6 | Rhythm reproduction | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading comprehension | |||||
| Douglas and Willatts (1994) | 78 | 7–9 | Rhythm discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Word recognition/spelling |
| Flagge et al. (2016) | 36 | 7–8 | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness | |
| González-Trujillo et al. (2014) | 67 | 8–9 | Rhythm reproduction | Reading fluency | |
| Grube et al. (2012) | 238 | 11 | Rhythm discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Timbre discrimination | |||||
| Holliman et al. (2010) | 102 | 5–7 | Rhythm reproduction | Reading ability | |
| Rhythm discrimination | Phonological awareness | ||||
| Hutchins (2018) | 90 | 3–6 | Beat synchronization | Singing error | Phonological awareness |
| Reading fluency | |||||
| Lê et al. (2020) | 278 | M = 8.4 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading ability | |||||
| Loui et al. (2011) | 32 | M = 7.6 | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness | |
| Pitch production | |||||
| Lundetræ and Thomson (2018) | 479 | 6 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading fluency | |||||
| Spelling | |||||
| Moritz et al. (2013) | 30 | Starting at age 5, ending at age 7 (longitudinal) | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Rhythm reproduction | Reading ability | ||||
| Rhythm discrimination | |||||
| Ozernov-Palchik et al. (2018) | 74 | M = 5.8 | Rhythm discrimination | Phonological awareness | |
| Reading fluency | |||||
| Peynircioğlu et al. (2002) (1) | 32 | 4–6 | Rhythm reproduction | Melody production | Phonological awareness |
| Peynircioğlu et al. (2002) (2) | 40 | 3–7 | Rhythm reproduction | Melody production | Phonological awareness |
| Politimou et al. (2019) | 46 | 3–5 | Rhythm discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Tempo discrimination | Melody discrimination | ||||
| Beat synchronization | Melody production | ||||
| Ríos-López et al. (2019) | 43 | 4–5 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Steinbrink et al. (2019) (1) | 54 | 5–7 | Tempo discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | ||||
| Rhythm reproduction | |||||
| Steinbrink et al. (2019) (2) | 96 | 7–11 | Tempo discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Reading comprehension |
| Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | Spelling | |||
| Rhythm reproduction | Phonological awareness | ||||
| Strait et al. (2011) | 42 | 8–13 | Rhythm discrimination | Melody discrimination | Reading ability |
| Tierney and Kraus (2013) | 58 | 14–17 | Beat synchronization | Reading ability | |
| Tierney et al. (2017) | 64 | M = 18.0 | Beat synchronization | Phonological awareness | |
| Rhythm reproduction | Reading ability | ||||
| Woodruff Carr et al. (2014) | 35 | 3–4 | Beat synchronization | Melody discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Rhythm discrimination | Reading fluency | ||||
| Yu et al. (2017) | 511 | M = 20.6 | Rhythm discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Phonological awareness |
| Zhang et al. (2017) | 54 | 8–10 | Tempo discrimination | Pitch discrimination | Reading fluency |
| Tonal sensitivity (Mandarin) | |||||
| Phonological awareness | |||||
| Zuk et al. (2013) | 45 | 6–8 | Rhythm reproduction | Musical memory | Reading fluency |
| Phonological awareness |
Note. Rows correspond to individual studies, and columns correspond to study Ns, age ranges in years, specifics of musical rhythm and tonal-melodic constructs measured, and reading constructs measured. When additional information is necessary about the N, specific descriptions are given in parentheses. When age range is not available, or not representative of the sample mean, the mean is provided in addition to the age range. Only musical constructs that were reported in relation to reading-related constructs are noted.