Random Intercept Model Estimates on the Percentage of Hospital Deaths, Allowing for Different “Between” and “Within” Effects
| . | Model (1) . | Model (2) . | Model (3) . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | ||||||
| 1955 | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| 1883 | −7.66c | (1.23) | −4.98 | (3.91) | ||
| 1963 | 8.53c | (1.13) | 3.20a | (1.26) | 4.95c | (1.18) |
| 1974 | 18.36c | (1.13) | 7.55c | (1.83) | 11.40c | (1.89) |
| 1981 | 21.87c | (1.13) | 7.22b | (2.39) | 12.11c | (2.58) |
| 1987 | 22.62c | (1.13) | 6.19a | (2.73) | 13.22c | (2.94) |
| 1997 | 26.19c | (1.13) | 7.80a | (3.18) | 18.88c | (3.43) |
| 2004 | 29.93c | (1.13) | 9.67b | (3.73) | 24.44c | (4.06) |
| 2013 | 28.97c | (1.13) | 6.67 | (4.23) | 26.32c | (4.55) |
| Macro-area | ||||||
| Central | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| Northwest | −0.81 | (2.46) | −1.90 | (2.46) | 1.44 | (2.87) |
| Northeast | 13.97c | (2.46) | 8.50c | (2.18) | 12.03c | (2.40) |
| South and Islands | −17.69c | (2.21) | −7.19a | (3.14) | −8.08a | (3.41) |
| Availability of medical facilities | ||||||
| Beds in hospitals (between) | 1.00a | (0.40) | 1.16b | (0.41) | ||
| Beds in hospitals (within) | 0.32a | (0.13) | 0.74c | (0.13) | ||
| Epidemiological change | ||||||
| Cancer death rate (between) | −1.91 | (3.92) | −6.53 | (3.40) | ||
| Cancer death rate (within) | 6.64c | (1.49) | 7.77c | (1.42) | ||
| Household size | ||||||
| Avg. household components (between) | 3.64 | (4.43) | ||||
| Avg. household components (within) | −7.40c | (1.44) | ||||
| Household structure | ||||||
| Complex/simp. house. index (between) | 0.29a | (0.15) | ||||
| Complex/simp. house. index (within) | −0.41c | (0.06) | ||||
| Urbanization index | ||||||
| Living in cities>20,000 (between) | 0.40 | (0.42) | 0.65 | (0.46) | ||
| Living in cities>20,000 (within) | 2.13c | (0.57) | 3.27c | (0.70) | ||
| Spread of violent deaths | ||||||
| Murders (between) | −0.94 | (0.67) | −0.92 | (0.73) | ||
| Murders (within) | −0.28 | (0.24) | 0.05 | (0.23) | ||
| Secularization index | ||||||
| Civil marriages (between) | 1.07c | (0.21) | 1.14c | (0.23) | ||
| Civil marriages (within) | 0.07 | (0.05) | −0.18b | (0.06) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterates (between) | −0.15 | (0.23) | 0.30 | (0.26) | ||
| Illiterates (within) | 0.24c | (0.06) | 0.83c | (0.11) | ||
| Observations | 805 | 805 | 736 | |||
| N of clusters | 92 | 92 | 92 | |||
| sigma_u | 7.32 | 5.71 | 6.24 | |||
| sigma_e | 7.70 | 6.92 | 6.00 | |||
| rho | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.52 | |||
| . | Model (1) . | Model (2) . | Model (3) . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | ||||||
| 1955 | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| 1883 | −7.66c | (1.23) | −4.98 | (3.91) | ||
| 1963 | 8.53c | (1.13) | 3.20a | (1.26) | 4.95c | (1.18) |
| 1974 | 18.36c | (1.13) | 7.55c | (1.83) | 11.40c | (1.89) |
| 1981 | 21.87c | (1.13) | 7.22b | (2.39) | 12.11c | (2.58) |
| 1987 | 22.62c | (1.13) | 6.19a | (2.73) | 13.22c | (2.94) |
| 1997 | 26.19c | (1.13) | 7.80a | (3.18) | 18.88c | (3.43) |
| 2004 | 29.93c | (1.13) | 9.67b | (3.73) | 24.44c | (4.06) |
| 2013 | 28.97c | (1.13) | 6.67 | (4.23) | 26.32c | (4.55) |
| Macro-area | ||||||
| Central | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
| Northwest | −0.81 | (2.46) | −1.90 | (2.46) | 1.44 | (2.87) |
| Northeast | 13.97c | (2.46) | 8.50c | (2.18) | 12.03c | (2.40) |
| South and Islands | −17.69c | (2.21) | −7.19a | (3.14) | −8.08a | (3.41) |
| Availability of medical facilities | ||||||
| Beds in hospitals (between) | 1.00a | (0.40) | 1.16b | (0.41) | ||
| Beds in hospitals (within) | 0.32a | (0.13) | 0.74c | (0.13) | ||
| Epidemiological change | ||||||
| Cancer death rate (between) | −1.91 | (3.92) | −6.53 | (3.40) | ||
| Cancer death rate (within) | 6.64c | (1.49) | 7.77c | (1.42) | ||
| Household size | ||||||
| Avg. household components (between) | 3.64 | (4.43) | ||||
| Avg. household components (within) | −7.40c | (1.44) | ||||
| Household structure | ||||||
| Complex/simp. house. index (between) | 0.29a | (0.15) | ||||
| Complex/simp. house. index (within) | −0.41c | (0.06) | ||||
| Urbanization index | ||||||
| Living in cities>20,000 (between) | 0.40 | (0.42) | 0.65 | (0.46) | ||
| Living in cities>20,000 (within) | 2.13c | (0.57) | 3.27c | (0.70) | ||
| Spread of violent deaths | ||||||
| Murders (between) | −0.94 | (0.67) | −0.92 | (0.73) | ||
| Murders (within) | −0.28 | (0.24) | 0.05 | (0.23) | ||
| Secularization index | ||||||
| Civil marriages (between) | 1.07c | (0.21) | 1.14c | (0.23) | ||
| Civil marriages (within) | 0.07 | (0.05) | −0.18b | (0.06) | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Illiterates (between) | −0.15 | (0.23) | 0.30 | (0.26) | ||
| Illiterates (within) | 0.24c | (0.06) | 0.83c | (0.11) | ||
| Observations | 805 | 805 | 736 | |||
| N of clusters | 92 | 92 | 92 | |||
| sigma_u | 7.32 | 5.71 | 6.24 | |||
| sigma_e | 7.70 | 6.92 | 6.00 | |||
| rho | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.52 | |||