Models with Interaction Terms
| . | model (7) . | model (8) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | ||||
| 1955 | ref. | ref. | ||
| 1883 | −3.01 | (5.55) | −10.18* | (4.49) |
| 1963 | 4.56*** | (1.31) | 5.06*** | (1.24) |
| 1974 | 10.66*** | (1.97) | 10.79*** | (1.84) |
| 1981 | 13.03*** | (2.65) | 12.20*** | (2.45) |
| 1987 | 12.87*** | (3.00) | 11.42*** | (2.78) |
| 1997 | 17.09*** | (3.55) | 14.32*** | (3.28) |
| 2004 | 21.70*** | (4.19) | 17.15*** | (3.84) |
| 2013 | 21.85*** | (4.81) | 15.47*** | (4.36) |
| Macro-area | ||||
| Northwest | ref. | ref. | ||
| Northeast | 10.17*** | (2.35) | 9.90*** | (2.40) |
| Center | 1.53 | (2.47) | 1.12 | (2.51) |
| South and the islands | −5.84 | (3.79) | −6.47 | (3.85) |
| Household size | ||||
| Avg. family components (between) | 3.98 | (4.39) | 4.36 | (4.50) |
| Avg. family components (within) | −1.03 | (2.26) | −2.53 | (1.56) |
| Urbanization index | ||||
| Living in cities>20,000 (between) | 0.41 | (0.42) | 0.43 | (0.43) |
| Living in cities>20,000 (within) | 2.74*** | (0.56) | −0.12 | (0.97) |
| Macro-areaXFamily size | ||||
| Northwest*family size (within) | ref. | |||
| Northeast*family size (within) | −5.95*** | (1.34) | ||
| Center*family size (within) | −1.46 | (1.53) | ||
| South and the islands*family size (within) | 4.01 | (2.07) | ||
| Macro-areaXUrbanization index | ||||
| Northwest*urb index (within) | ref. | |||
| Northeast*urb index (within) | 8.06*** | (1.09) | ||
| Center*urb index (within) | 3.17** | (1.09) | ||
| South and the islands*urb index (within) | 1.44 | (1.22) | ||
| Constant | −14.92 | (19.32) | −14.40 | (19.72) |
| Observations | 805 | 805 | ||
| N of clusters | 92 | 92 | ||
| sigma_u | 5.68 | 5.88 | ||
| sigma_e | 6.63 | 6.59 | ||
| rho | 0.42 | 0.44 | ||
| . | model (7) . | model (8) . | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | ||||
| 1955 | ref. | ref. | ||
| 1883 | −3.01 | (5.55) | −10.18* | (4.49) |
| 1963 | 4.56*** | (1.31) | 5.06*** | (1.24) |
| 1974 | 10.66*** | (1.97) | 10.79*** | (1.84) |
| 1981 | 13.03*** | (2.65) | 12.20*** | (2.45) |
| 1987 | 12.87*** | (3.00) | 11.42*** | (2.78) |
| 1997 | 17.09*** | (3.55) | 14.32*** | (3.28) |
| 2004 | 21.70*** | (4.19) | 17.15*** | (3.84) |
| 2013 | 21.85*** | (4.81) | 15.47*** | (4.36) |
| Macro-area | ||||
| Northwest | ref. | ref. | ||
| Northeast | 10.17*** | (2.35) | 9.90*** | (2.40) |
| Center | 1.53 | (2.47) | 1.12 | (2.51) |
| South and the islands | −5.84 | (3.79) | −6.47 | (3.85) |
| Household size | ||||
| Avg. family components (between) | 3.98 | (4.39) | 4.36 | (4.50) |
| Avg. family components (within) | −1.03 | (2.26) | −2.53 | (1.56) |
| Urbanization index | ||||
| Living in cities>20,000 (between) | 0.41 | (0.42) | 0.43 | (0.43) |
| Living in cities>20,000 (within) | 2.74*** | (0.56) | −0.12 | (0.97) |
| Macro-areaXFamily size | ||||
| Northwest*family size (within) | ref. | |||
| Northeast*family size (within) | −5.95*** | (1.34) | ||
| Center*family size (within) | −1.46 | (1.53) | ||
| South and the islands*family size (within) | 4.01 | (2.07) | ||
| Macro-areaXUrbanization index | ||||
| Northwest*urb index (within) | ref. | |||
| Northeast*urb index (within) | 8.06*** | (1.09) | ||
| Center*urb index (within) | 3.17** | (1.09) | ||
| South and the islands*urb index (within) | 1.44 | (1.22) | ||
| Constant | −14.92 | (19.32) | −14.40 | (19.72) |
| Observations | 805 | 805 | ||
| N of clusters | 92 | 92 | ||
| sigma_u | 5.68 | 5.88 | ||
| sigma_e | 6.63 | 6.59 | ||
| rho | 0.42 | 0.44 | ||