Table 1. 

Feng et al. (2020) typology of retraction reasons based on Retraction Watch data

  Scientific errors
YesNo
Academic misconduct Yes Type 1: Error and academic misconduct Type 2: No error and academic misconduct 
No Type 4: Error and no academic misconduct Type 3: No error and no academic misconduct 
  Scientific errors
YesNo
Academic misconduct Yes Type 1: Error and academic misconduct Type 2: No error and academic misconduct 
No Type 4: Error and no academic misconduct Type 3: No error and no academic misconduct 
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