Table 3. 

Citation characteristics before, during, and after retraction year

CharacteristicOverall1Before retraction1Retraction year1After retraction1p-value2
N = 644N = 261N = 91N = 292
Time from retraction to policy 0.0 [−2.0, 3.0] −3.0 [−5.0, −1.0] 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] 3.0 [2.0, 6.0] <0.001 
Time from publication to policy 4.0 [2.0, 7.2] 3.0 [1.0, 5.0] 2.0 [1.0, 4.0] 7.0 [4.0, 11.0] <0.001 
 Citation type <0.001 
  Negative/exclusionary 178 (28%) 37 (14%) 16 (18%) 125 (43%) 
  Positive/neutral 466 (72%) 224 (86%) 75 (82%) 167 (57%) 
 Retraction acknowledgment <0.001 
  Acknowledged 86 (13%) 0 (0%) 11 (12%) 75 (26%) 
  Not acknowledged 558 (87%) 261 (100%) 80 (88%) 217 (74%) 
 Retraction type 
  Type 1 212 (33%) 98 (38%) 25 (27%) 89 (30%)   
  Type 2 156 (24%) 57 (22%) 14 (15%) 85 (29%) 
  Type 3 31 (4.8%) 2 (0.8%) 9 (9.9%) 20 (6.8%) 
  Type 4 232 (36%) 102 (39%) 43 (47%) 87 (30%) 
  Unknown 13 (2.0%) 2 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 11 (3.8%) 
 Policy organization type 0.4 
  Aggregator 76 (12%) 35 (13%) 11 (12%) 30 (10%) 
  Government 308 (48%) 113 (43%) 41 (45%) 154 (53%) 
  IGO 104 (16%) 43 (16%) 17 (19%) 44 (15%) 
  NGO/Think Tank 156 (24%) 70 (27%) 22 (24%) 64 (22%) 
CharacteristicOverall1Before retraction1Retraction year1After retraction1p-value2
N = 644N = 261N = 91N = 292
Time from retraction to policy 0.0 [−2.0, 3.0] −3.0 [−5.0, −1.0] 0.0 [0.0, 0.0] 3.0 [2.0, 6.0] <0.001 
Time from publication to policy 4.0 [2.0, 7.2] 3.0 [1.0, 5.0] 2.0 [1.0, 4.0] 7.0 [4.0, 11.0] <0.001 
 Citation type <0.001 
  Negative/exclusionary 178 (28%) 37 (14%) 16 (18%) 125 (43%) 
  Positive/neutral 466 (72%) 224 (86%) 75 (82%) 167 (57%) 
 Retraction acknowledgment <0.001 
  Acknowledged 86 (13%) 0 (0%) 11 (12%) 75 (26%) 
  Not acknowledged 558 (87%) 261 (100%) 80 (88%) 217 (74%) 
 Retraction type 
  Type 1 212 (33%) 98 (38%) 25 (27%) 89 (30%)   
  Type 2 156 (24%) 57 (22%) 14 (15%) 85 (29%) 
  Type 3 31 (4.8%) 2 (0.8%) 9 (9.9%) 20 (6.8%) 
  Type 4 232 (36%) 102 (39%) 43 (47%) 87 (30%) 
  Unknown 13 (2.0%) 2 (0.8%) 0 (0%) 11 (3.8%) 
 Policy organization type 0.4 
  Aggregator 76 (12%) 35 (13%) 11 (12%) 30 (10%) 
  Government 308 (48%) 113 (43%) 41 (45%) 154 (53%) 
  IGO 104 (16%) 43 (16%) 17 (19%) 44 (15%) 
  NGO/Think Tank 156 (24%) 70 (27%) 22 (24%) 64 (22%) 
1

Statistics presented: Median [IQR]; n (%).

2

Statistical tests performed: Kruskal-Wallis test; chi-square test of independence.

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