Table 4. 

Comparison summary of citation types

CharacteristicOverall1Negative/exclusionary1Positive/Neutral1p-value2
N = 644N = 178N = 466
 Time from retraction to policy 0.0 [−2.0, 3.0] 2.0 [0.0, 5.0] 0.0 [−2.0, 2.0] < 0.001 
 Time from publication to policy 4.0 [2.0, 7.2] 7.0 [3.0, 12.0] 3.0 [2.0, 6.0] < 0.001 
Citation period < 0.001 
 Before retraction 261 (41%) 37 (21%) 224 (48%) 
 Retraction year 91 (14%) 16 (9.0%) 75 (16%) 
 After retraction 292 (45%) 125 (70%) 167 (36%) 
 Retraction acknowledgment < 0.001 
  Acknowledged 86 (13%) 86 (48%) 0 (0%) 
  Not acknowledged 558 (87%) 92 (52%) 466 (100%) 
 Retraction type < 0.001 
  Type 1 212 (33%) 84 (47%) 128 (27%) 
  Type 2 156 (24%) 37 (21%) 119 (26%) 
  Type 3 31 (4.8%) 3 (1.7%) 28 (6.0%) 
  Type 4 232 (36%) 49 (28%) 183 (39%) 
  Unknown 13 (2.0%) 5 (2.8%) 8 (1.7%) 
 Policy organization type < 0.001 
  Aggregator 76 (12%) 9 (5.1%) 67 (14%) 
  Government 308 (48%) 112 (63%) 196 (42%) 
  IGO 104 (16%) 17 (9.6%) 87 (19%) 
  NGO/Think Tank 156 (24%) 40 (22%) 116 (25%) 
CharacteristicOverall1Negative/exclusionary1Positive/Neutral1p-value2
N = 644N = 178N = 466
 Time from retraction to policy 0.0 [−2.0, 3.0] 2.0 [0.0, 5.0] 0.0 [−2.0, 2.0] < 0.001 
 Time from publication to policy 4.0 [2.0, 7.2] 7.0 [3.0, 12.0] 3.0 [2.0, 6.0] < 0.001 
Citation period < 0.001 
 Before retraction 261 (41%) 37 (21%) 224 (48%) 
 Retraction year 91 (14%) 16 (9.0%) 75 (16%) 
 After retraction 292 (45%) 125 (70%) 167 (36%) 
 Retraction acknowledgment < 0.001 
  Acknowledged 86 (13%) 86 (48%) 0 (0%) 
  Not acknowledged 558 (87%) 92 (52%) 466 (100%) 
 Retraction type < 0.001 
  Type 1 212 (33%) 84 (47%) 128 (27%) 
  Type 2 156 (24%) 37 (21%) 119 (26%) 
  Type 3 31 (4.8%) 3 (1.7%) 28 (6.0%) 
  Type 4 232 (36%) 49 (28%) 183 (39%) 
  Unknown 13 (2.0%) 5 (2.8%) 8 (1.7%) 
 Policy organization type < 0.001 
  Aggregator 76 (12%) 9 (5.1%) 67 (14%) 
  Government 308 (48%) 112 (63%) 196 (42%) 
  IGO 104 (16%) 17 (9.6%) 87 (19%) 
  NGO/Think Tank 156 (24%) 40 (22%) 116 (25%) 
1

Statistics presented: Median [IQR]; n (%).

2

Statistical tests performed: Wilcoxon rank-sum test; chi-square test of independence; Fisher’s exact test.

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