MIT Press

Table 2.

A Comparison of Five Cyber Operations

	Speed	Intensity	Control	Strategic Utility
election interference (2014)	3 months	low scale, high scope	no premature discovery disruptive effect on target partially produced disruptive effect neutralized within 20 hours, preventing impact	negligible
power grid I (2015)	19 months	high scale, high scope	premature discovery disruptive effect on target produced disruptive effect neutralized within 6 hours	negligible
power grid II (2016)	31 months	high scale, highest scope	premature discovery disruptive effect on target partially produced disruptive effect neutralized within 75 minutes	negligible
“NotPetya” (2017)	6 months	highest scale, medium scope	premature discovery disruptive effect on targets produced lasting effect (i.e., data destruction) collateral damage and unintended consequences	measurable, significant impact on balance of power
“BadRabbit” (2017)	12 months	low scale, low scope	no premature discovery disruptive effects on target produced controlled proliferation	negligible

	Speed	Intensity	Control	Strategic Utility
election interference (2014)	3 months	low scale, high scope	no premature discovery disruptive effect on target partially produced disruptive effect neutralized within 20 hours, preventing impact	negligible
power grid I (2015)	19 months	high scale, high scope	premature discovery disruptive effect on target produced disruptive effect neutralized within 6 hours	negligible
power grid II (2016)	31 months	high scale, highest scope	premature discovery disruptive effect on target partially produced disruptive effect neutralized within 75 minutes	negligible
“NotPetya” (2017)	6 months	highest scale, medium scope	premature discovery disruptive effect on targets produced lasting effect (i.e., data destruction) collateral damage and unintended consequences	measurable, significant impact on balance of power
“BadRabbit” (2017)	12 months	low scale, low scope	no premature discovery disruptive effects on target produced controlled proliferation	negligible